i 



HANEY'S 



PHOIOGMPHIC HAND-BOOK: 



AN^ INTRODUCTION^ 



MUNSON'S COMPLETE PHONOGRAPHER, 

Ajstd Fully Presentlng the Elements of Phonography, 
with all the latest improvements. 






NEW YORK: 
J. C. HANEY & CO., PUBLISHERS, 



119 NASSAU STREET. 

/ H ' ' '' 



Ektered, accokding to Act op Congbess, m the Yeab 1867, bt 

J. C. HANEY & CO., 

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States 
FOR THE Southern District op New York. 



Bavies and Kent, 

Mectrotypers and Stereotypers, 

183 William St., N. Y. 



4^' 



V A 



PREFACE. 



The art of sliortliand writing is coming into more 
general use with every year. The stenographer now 
finds employment, not merely in furnishing verbatim 
reports for the press, but in preserving the record of 
testimony and argument in almost e^^ry legal proceed- 
ing, in the large cities, for the benefit of judges, law- 
yers, referees, and interested parties ; 'in supplying all 
sorts of public bodies, conventions, and meetings with 
complete accounts of their proceedings; and in reliev- 
ing officials, lawj^ers, merchants, and othere overbur- 
dened with correspondence, from the continued drudg- 
ery of the pen. 

The system of shorthand which has done more than 
all othei"S combined, to stimulate and to supply this 
demand for stenographers, is Phonography. It has, in- 
deed, because of its great superiority in eveiy respect, 
almost entirely superseded every other system ; and no 
beginner now, unless he were misled through prejudice 
or bad advice, would think of taking up any other, 

Notwithstanding this, however, it is becoming a not 
unfrequent occurrence of late, for publishei-s of cheap 
books to bring out, under the disguise of new names 
and new exterioi'S, old and inferior, if not utterly im- 
practicable, systems of shorthand. This we do not 
consider to be just to the public, for instead of being 



IV PREFACE. 

of any use to learners, these books are a snare, and 
only serve to prevent or discourage the study of a use- 
ful system. 

This little volume is not intended as a presentation 
of the entire art of Phonography, from the begin- 
ning to the extraordinary and beautiful ramifications 
of its highest development ; but it is just what its 
-title indicates — an introductory or elemental work. 
And although it is complete so far as it goes, and does 
really give all the elements of Phonography, we do not 
offer it as a complete guide for the reporter; but simply 
to give those who would like to know something of the 
nature of the art, a chance to do so without paying the 
price that must necessarily be charged for a thorough 
and exhaustive work. 

We have taken as our basis the new phonographic 
instruction book, entitled " The Complete Phonogra- 
pher," by James E. Munson, Esq., Official Stenogra- 
23her to the Surrogate's Court of New York. Mr. Mun- 
son's work is not only the newest (having been out but 
a few weeks), embodying all the latest improvements 
of the ai-t, but it is by far the best exposition of the 
whole art of Phonography that has yet been published. 
To all those who wish to pursue this beautiful study 
beyond the limits of the present volume, we cordially 
recommend " The Complete Phonographer." 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



PAGE 

Introduction ''' 

CHAPTER I. 
Manner of Writing the Consonant-Stems 15 

CHAPTER II. 
Of the Vocalization op Simple Stems 17 

CHAPTER III. 
Of Joining Consonant-Stems 21 

CHAPTER lY. 

Op the Vowels between Consonant-Stems, and the 
Position op Words 23 

CHAPTER V. 
Circles and Loops 26 

CHAPTER VI. 

Rules for the Use op the Stems ish, shee, el, etc.. . 31 

CHAPTER VII. 
Initial Hooks 34 



VI TABLE OF CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER Vin. PAGE 

FiKAii Hooks 38 

CHAPTER IX. 
Lengthening, 41 

CHAPTER X. 
Halving 43 

CHAPTER XL 
Additional Consonastt-Signs, etc 48 

CHAPTER XH. 
Group Vowels and their Signs 51 

CHAPTER Xm. 
Word Signs. 57 

CHAPTER XrV. 
Affixes 61 

CHAPTER XV. 
Hints fob the Leaeneb 67 



IIS^TRODTJCTION". 



Language is the principal means we have of convey- 
ing a knowledge of our thoughts and feelings to each 
other. It consists of two kinds or modes of presenta- 
tion — speech or spoken language, which is addressed to 
the ear, and writing or written language, which is ad- 
dressed to the eye. 

Again, there are two methods of employing written 
signs. In the first place they may be used to represent 
ideas either directly or symbolically, just as we make 
the picture of a house to signify a house, or of an an- 
chor to represent Hope. This mode of representing 
ideas by pictures is called ideographic or symbolic, to 
distinguish it from the alphabetic mode, in which con- 
ventional signs are provided to represent merely the 
simple sounds of the voice, by means of which the 
name of a thing may be presented to the eye, instead 
of a picture of the thing itself Ideography and sym- 
bology are perhaps the more simple and natural modes 
of writing, but they are not so well adapted to the 
representation of abstract ideas as is an alphabet. 

The earliest alphabets were probably phonetic ; that 
is, they provided distinct signs or characters to repre- 
sent each and every simple sound used in the language 
to which they were applied. The original and para- 



VIU mTEODTJCTION. 

mount intention of an alphabetic system of -vrriting is 
undoubtedly to present to the eye exactly what speech 
is to the ear. Unfortunately, however, few if any of 
our modem languages can claim so simple and natural 
a written representation ; and probably no language 
has had the misfortune to wander so far away in this 
respect as our own. All this great mischief has arisen 
from the attempt to apply the alphabetic characters of 
one language to the use of another. If we were to 
persist in wearing the garments left us by our ances- 
tors, or that we wore in our childhood, we would not 
be more unreasonable than we are in attempting to 
write the English language, with its forty odd distinct 
sounds, by means of the Romanic alphabet of twenty- 
six letters, three of which, indeed, c, q^ and ic, have no 
sounds of their own, thus practically reducing the num- 
ber to twenty-three. This alphabet may have been 
adequate to the complete representation of the sounds 
of the Latin language, but our language has been made 
up from so many sources, and has absorbed so many 
words, and consequently new sounds, from other lan- 
guages, that it has really quite outgrown its coat and 
is pressing its demands for a new one. To this demand 
the phonetic reformers are endeavoring to persuade a 
favorable response. 

The word " Phonography" is derived from two Greek 
words, one (9wvf/) meaning voice or sound, and the other 
(7pa(psiv) to write, and signifies merely the writing of 
sounds, or writing by sound. The term may, there- 
fore, be applied to any system of writing, whether 
brief or long, in which each and every sound of the 
human voice, or at least each of those that are heard 



INTRODUCTION. IX 

in the English language, is provided with a sign or 
character with which to write it ; but as usually under- 
stood, it is applied to the system of phonetic stenogra- 
phy, invented by Isaac Pitman, of Bath, England, and 
improved and perfected through the suggestions of 
thousands of experienced practical shorthand writers, 
both in England and the United States. 

The sounds of the voice as heard in speech are proper- 
ly divided into vowels and consonants. The sounds rep- 
resented by these terms must be carefully distinguished, 
in the first place, from the written signs by which they 
are represented, and in the second place, from the names 
given to those signs. For example, in the common 
orthography, the vowel which is heard in fame has the 
sound of the word aye [ever] ; the written sign of the 
vowel is a, and the name of the letter is the same as the 
sound. But in the word /arm we have the same vowel- 
sign, and called by the same name as before, but it has 
now the sound of the word ah. So in the word all we 
find the same vowel -sign, with the same name, but 
sounded now like the word awe. Again, in the word 
call we have the consonant-sign c, which has a name in 
sound like the word sea^ but which has the sound and 
power of h. Then the same letter in the Avord cell^ 
still having the same name, has the hissing sound of s. 

These illustrations are suflicient to show that we 
must always keep the sound of a consonant or vowel 
entirely distinct from its sign^ or the name of its sign. 
Indeed, that which is a consonant or vowel is the vocal 
sound ; and the sign, or the name of the sign, by which 
it is written, has nothing to do dh'ectly with its charac- 
ter or quality. 

1* 



X INTKODrCTION. 

A consonant is a sound made by either a complete 
or a partial contact of the organs of speech obstructing 
the sounding breath, in some degree varying from an 
entire break or stoppage of it, as k in sake^ 2^ i" ^^Pi 
etc., to a simple roughness or aspiration impressed upon 
a vowel sound, as h in hate. 

A vowel is the smooth or harmonious emission of 
sounding breath, as ah, a, e, modulated but not ob- 
structed by the organs of speech. 

Before a word can be written phonographically, it 
must be resolved into its vocal elements, care being 
taken to distinguish between the consonants and vowels. 
To those who are unaccustomed to it, this process of 
analysis will at first be somewhat difficult ; but after a 
little practice it will become a very easy and simple 
matter. A good plan for the beginner to adopt, when 
he wishes to ascertain the sound of a particular letter 
in a word, is to first pronounce the word in full, and 
then pronounce it with one of the sounds omitted, and 
continue to drop one sound at a time until the letter 
under investigation alone remains, which may then 
generally be sounded Avithout any difficulty. Thus to 
discover the true vowel -sound of i in tin, it may be 
sounded as follows : tin, -i?i, -i. Care must be taken not 
to give, as the sound of this letter in this word, the 
sound of its name, which is the same as that of the 
word eye. The sound of the letters ffht in bright may 
be ascertained thus : bright, -right, -ight, -ght / those 
three letters having the simple sound of t. The pro- 
nunciation of words for purposes of analysis should be 
quite deliberate, and rather more distinct and emphatic 
than is commonly necessary in speaking. 



INTRODUCTION. XI 

The number of simple consonants in the English lan- 
guage is twenty-four including ch and J, which are con- 
sidered by some to be compound, the first being com- 
posed of t and <sA, and the other of d and zh. 

In writing a word phonographically, the consonants 
and vowels are not written one after the other in the 
order in which they occur, as is the case in ordinary 
longhand, but, as will be more fully explained here- 
after, the consonant-signs are first written in their 
proper order, joined one to the other, and then, when 
the consonant outline or skeleton is completed, the 
signs of the vowels are placed to it. 

The remarkable brevity of Phonography is mainly 
owing to the simplicity of the characters it employs for 
the consonant-signs, each being either a simple straight 
or curved line. The source of these signs is shown in 
the following diagrams : 





The four diameters give four straight signs, and the 
eight arcs of circles between the diameters give eight 
curved signs ; twelve in all. Now, by making these 
signs both light and shaded, we get twenty-four simple 
signs with which to represent the twenty-four conso- 
nant-sounds. In the appropriation, too, of these signs 
to the sounds, Phonography excels all other systems. 
There is this peculiarity about the consonant-sounds, 
that they always go in pairs. With the vocal organs 
in position to sound any one of the consonants, it may 
be either made as a breath sound simply, or it may be 



Xll INTKODUCTION. 

accompanied by a slight, half-suppressed, under-tone, 
or sub-vocal. This sub-vocal is all that distinguishes g 
from k^ d from t, z from 5, v from /, etc. In Phonogra- 
phy, the breath sounds are represented by the light signs, 
' and their corresponding sub-vocals by the same signs 
shaded. Our language, however, does not contain com- 
plete 23airs in every instance. In the Table of Conso- 
nants, on page 14, the first sixteen are the only ones 
used by us ; and although the remaining letters have 
signs given them that could be arranged in pairs in 
like manner, it does not indicate, as in the other in- 
stances, any similarity in sound. 

Phonography should always be written on ruled 
paper. Ordinary paper may be used ; but for begin- 
ners some recommend paper ruled with two lines about 
one sixth of an inch apart, between which the phono- 
grajDhs are made. This prevents the writer from writ- 
ing too large before his hand is formed. If the learner 
can get along without using double lines, however, it 
would be better, and certainly more economical Either 
a 23en or pencil may be used. If a pen be preferred, a 
fine, smooth-pointed, short-nibbed gold pen is the best ; 
if a pencil, Faber's No. 3 is recommended. 

Before commencing to write, the learner should first 
commit to memory a portion, or all, of the consonant- 
signs, and also the vowels. The consonants are best 
learned by making their signs, and repeating at the 
same time their names, or, what is better still, making 
the sounds of the consonants, if the learner has had 
enough practice in analysis to do it. Each Writing 
Exercise should be written in connection with the les- 
sons which it follows. 



INTKODUCTION. XIU 

EXPLANATION OF TERMS. 

Pho-net^ics, Pho-nol^o-gy, or Phon''ics (from (pwvTj, 
a sounds tone). The science which treats of the differ- 
ent sounds of the human voice and their modifications. 
The style of spelling in accordance with this science is 
called Phonetic ; the common style, such as is used in 
this book, being called Romanic, because the alphabet 
employed was derived from that which was used by 
the Romans. 

Pho-not^y-py (from (pwvyj, and ruitog^ a type). The art 
of representing sounds by distinct characters or types ; 
also, the style of printing in accordance with this art. 

Pho^no-type. a type or character indicating a sound 
or modification of sound, used in phonotypic printing. 

Pho-nog^ra-phy (from (pwvrj, and ^pa(p£jv, to write). 
A method of writing in which each sound has a dis- 
tinct letter or character ; also, a system of shorthand 
invented by Isaac Pitman. 

Pho^no-graph. a type or character for representing 
a sound ; a character used in Phonography. 

Pho-no-graph^ic. Relating to Phonography. 

Ste-nog^ra-phy (from tfrsvoc:, narrow^ close, and ypa- 
(p£»v). The art of writing by means of brief signs 
which represent single sounds, groups of sounds, whole 
words, or groups of words. 

Note. — Stenography is a generic term, embracing 
all systems of shorthand or brief writing. Phonography 
included ; while Phonography is a specific name for a 
single system. Therefore, a Stenographer is one who 
writes any system of shorthand ; and a Phonographer 
is a stenographer who writes Phonography. 





TABLE 


OF CONSONANTS. 


Phonograph. 


Jfame. 


Sound represented by the Phcivcgraph. 







kay 


c in can, and k in A:ilt. 







gay 


gue ** league, " g " ^It. 




1 


tee 


ed " looked, ** i " fame. 


% 


1 


dee 


ed " loved, " d " cfcime. 


^ 


/ 


chay 


tch ** vci-edch, " ch " cAest. 




/ 


jay 


g *' ^rem, " j " ^est. 




\ 


pee 


pp " co/)per, " p " _pay. 




. \ 


bee 


66 '' e66, " 6 " 6ay. 




■ J 


ish, shee 


s ** sure, *• , sA " sAun. 




J 


zhee 


2 '• azure, " s " vision. 


^ 


) 


ess 


c " icy, " s " seal. 


c 


) 


zee 


s " was, *• 2 ** 2eal. 


1 ^ 


( 


ith 


o «' o «« <A " <Mgh. 


^ 


( 


dhee 


<A« " brea^A^, " ih " %. 




^ 


ef 


pA " ^Aase, ** / '* /an. 




^ 


vee 


/ '< o/, ** V " t>an. 




■ -^ 


ing 


n '* finger, "' rw; " Binder. 


4S 


^^ 


en 


kn " Atiow, " Vi *' no. 


% 


^-^ 


em 


mb •' lam6, ** m '* ham. 


cc 


■ r 


el, lee 


Zn " Mln, " ? " Zay. 


1 


-^ 


er 


/•r " burr, " r ** fur. 


S 


^ 


ree 


«;r " «^ite, " r " right. 


Mpxrate. ,^v 


hay 


tvh '* wAole, " A •' Aole. 


1 1 ^ 


yay 


e '* euchre, ** y " you. 


1 1 ^ 


way 


u " perst^de, ** w " wade. 



HANEY'S 

PHONOGRAPHIC HAND-BOOK. 



^ CHAPTER I. 

MANNER OF WRITING THE CONSONANT-STEMS. 

1. With tlie exception of ree, every consonant-sign is writ- 
ten in the direction of one of the following lines : 



2. All horizontal stems are written from left to right. 

3. All perpendicular and inclined stems are written down- 
ward, with the following exceptions : When not joined to an- 
other stem, _J {sJi) is written downward, and ^ {1} upward ; 
but when either is so joined, it is sometimes written upward 
and sometimes downward. The sign ^ ree is always written 
upward. The three up-stroke signs are named shee, lee, and 
ree ; and rules regulating their use will be given hereafter. 

4. To prevent the stems chay and ree being mistaken for each 
other when standing alone, chay is written at an angle of 60 
degrees from the line, and ree at an angle of 40 degrees ; thus, 
/ cJiay, ^ ree. When joined to other stems, however, they 
are fully distinguished by the direction in which they are 
struck, without making a difference in their inclination ; thus, 

pee-chay^ \/ 'pee-ree, j/ chay-ree^ // ree-chay. 



> 



16 PHONOGRAPHIC HAND-BOOK. 

5. At first the phonograplis should be made about one sixth 
of an inch in length ; but they may afterward be reduced with 
advantage to one eighth of an inch. The learner at the outset 
should not attempt to write with rapidity. Each phonograph 
should be di^awn slowly, accuracy alone being aimed at, the at- 
tention being solely directed to the direction, exact inclination, 
shading, and length, and if it be a curved sign, to the exact 
curvatm-e. The heavy curved signs should be shaded at the 
middle, and taper ofi" toward either end ; and the shading of 
both straight and cmwed stems should be only just sufficient to 
distinguish them clearly from the light signs. The direct dis- 
tance between the extremities of any curve should be about 
equal to the length of a straight stem that has the same 
direction. 

EXERCISE I. 

"Write the consonant-signs indicated by the following names : 
Pee, zhee, jay, em, ish, way, ree, vee, lee, er, ith, bee, chay, zee, 
dhee, hay, dee, yay, ef, tee, kay, em, gay, ess, ing, pee, vee, ish, 
jay, em, yay, bee, ith, chay, zhee, dhee, way, ess, er, dee, gay, 
zee, tee, hay, ef, kay, ing, en, ree, lee, tee, vee, em, ree, yay, ish, 
pee, jay, er, bee, kay, dee, dhee, en, zhee, lee, kay, zee, ith, ef, 
way, ess, gay, ing, chay, ef, way, kay, zhee, ing, zee, bee, dhee, 
chay, yay, er, ith, dee, en, tee, ish, em, ess, jay, pee, vee, lee, ree, 
gay, kay, ing, zee, ree, chay, pee, kay, lee, vee, gay, jay, en, ess, 
tee, er, ith, em, yaj", hay, ef, way, zhee, hay, ith, dee, dhee, bee, 
zhee, zee, ing, ish, ef, ith, lee, pee, ree, chay, em, dee, er, t€e, 
hay, em, ess, jay, dhee, bee, yay, kay, vee, way, gay. 



VOCALIZATION OF SIMPLE-STEMS. 



17 



CHAPTER II. 



OF THE VOCALIZATION OF SIMPLE-STEMS. 

6. Phonography provides representation for twelve distinct 
simple vowel - sounds, six of which are long and six short. 
Those sounds are represented by the italic letters in the follow- 
ing words : 

Long towels — arm, ale, eat, all, note, food. 
Short vowels — at, dl, it, on, up, foot. 

7. In Phonography, as has been already stated, the conso- 
nant-sign is written first, and the vowel-sign afterward placed 
to it. Of the six long vowels, three are indicated by a heavy 
dot, written to the consonant-sign in three positions, viz., at the 
beginning, middle, and end ; and the other three, by a Tieavy dash, 
written to the consonant in the same positions. Of the six 
corresponding short vowels, three are indicated by a light dot, 
and three by a light dash, written to the consonant in the same 
manner. A vowel is called a first, second, or third place (or 
position) vowel, according to which of these positions its sign 
occupies, the numbers always running from the commencement 
of the consonant-stem. 

YOWEL-SCALE. 





DOT-VOVTELS. 






,2 r First place *i . 
Ss \ Second '* • i * 


•'■■ am arm. 


"\ :"' a in 


at (ask). 


'" a " ale (air). 


•; ':' ^ " 


met (her). 


S [ Third *' J _. 


'■ ea " eat (ear). 

DASH-VOWELS. 


i ,'-" i " 


pm. 


^- r First place ': _ 


;• ■■ a in fall. 


~i _/''"oinon (lost). 


3 ■{ Second " •■•■.) 
^ [ Third " ! , 


" note (whole)- 


-i }''" u ' 


-MP {cur). 


■' 00 " food. 


• .'■■' 00 ' 


foot. 



8. In the above scale the vowel-signs are written near a dot- 
ted tee, to show the vowel-positions in connection with a down- 



18 PHONOGRAPHIC HAND-BOOK. 

stroke stem ; and near a dotted lee^ to show the positions in 
connection with an up-stroke stem, 

9. When a vowel occurs before a consonant, the vowel-sign 
is written to the left of the consonant-sign, if it be perpendicu- 
lar or inclined ; and above, if it be horizontal ; thus, -j ode^ 

\ ehh, _j_ aclie. When a vowel comes after a consonant, the 
vowel-sign is written to the rigid of the consonant-sign, if it 
be perpendicular or inclined ; and hehw, if it be horizontal ; 
thus, \ hay, —^ gay, ^.^^ hay. 

EXERCISE II. 

In writing the following words the consonant-stems should 
be made to rest on the line : Ache, Coe, gay, toe, ode, day, doe, 
age, ape, pay, bay, show, they, foe, no, aim, hay, hoe, way, oak, 
Co., egg, ate, oat, aid, owed, dey, dough, etch, edge, Joe, ope, up, 
Poe, beau, oath, oaf. Fay, nay, may, neigh, mow, air, yea, woe, 
ale, lay, oil, low, echo, ago, eddy, Opie, obey, Otlio, allay. 

OF THE DIPHTHONGS. 

10. There are but four proper or perfect diphthongs in the En- 
glish language. They are illustrated by the italics in the words 

by, hoy, hough, few. 

TABLE OF DIPHTHONGS. 

I''; y{' Sound of a* m aisle audi' in fine. 

Ol""! <,''"" " " oy " boy " oi " boil. 

OW ""; l;' " " " O'^ff^^ " plough " ow " coio. 

EW i /'" " " i^w " mew " u " tube. 

11. The dash-vowel signs should be written at right angles 
to the consonant-stem, but the direction of the diphthong-signs 
is always the same, no matter what may be the inclination of 
the stem to which they are written. 

12. When two vowels occur together, either before or after 
a consonant, the vowel that is sounded nearest to the conso- 
nant should be written a little nearer it than the others ; thus, 

-]■ iota. 

13. It is allowable, when convenient, to join a diphthong to 
the consonant-sign ; thus, •^^-- idea^ 1 eyed. 



POSITION OF CONSONANT- STEMS. 19 

POSITION OF CONSONANT-STEMS. 

14. Any stem may be written, with respect to the line, in 
three different positions, corresponding with the positions of 
the vowels, and like them, called first, second, and third. 

15. The positions of the horizontal stems are as follows : 
FiKST Position. — Above the line, the highest part of the 

stem distant from it about the length of a tee ; thus, '^ em^ 
""-^ ing, kay. 

Second Position. — The lower part of the stem resting on 
the line ; thus, ^-^ hay, ^.^^^ en, gay. 

Third Position. — Below the line, about one third of the 
length of a tee ; thus, - em, ing. 

16. The positions of perpendicular and inclined stems are 
as follows : 

First Position. — Above the line, about one third the 1 
of a tee ; thus, \ pee, ^ way, I tee, C yay. 

Second Position. — Resting on the line ; thus, .V_. ef, ...I... dee, 
J... chay. 

^ Third Position. — Written through the line, so as to extend 
about one third below ; thus, .\^. pee, ..l.. dee. 

exercise III. 

The learner should now re-write Exercise I. three times, 
making all the stems the first time, in the first consonant posi- 
tion ; the second time, in the second position ; and the third 
time, in the third position — strictly observing the directions 
given above. 

In writing the following words, each consonant-stem should 
be written in the first, second, or third position, according to the 
number of the position of the vowel in the word. If there be 
two vowels, the accented one is the guide. The position of 
words will be more fdlly treated of in Chapter IV. 

Ache, Coe, gay, eight, toe, ode, day, doe, age, ape, pay, bay, 
show, they, foe, no, aim, ha}^ hoe, way, eke, oak, kay, Co., echo, 
coo, cow, cue, egg, ago, guy, at, ate, eat, it, ought, oat, out, tea, 
too, two, to, tie, toy, eighty, add, aid, awed, odd, owed, dey. 
Dee, daw, dough, die, Dow, due, eddy, ado, adieu, etch, each, 
itch, chaw, chew, edge, jay, jaw, Joe, joy, Jew, ope, up, pa, pea, 



20 PHONOGRAPHIC HAND-BOOK. 

paw, Poe, pie, pew, Opie, bah, be, beau, by, boy, bow, obey, 
abbey, ash, shah, she, show, shoe, shy, oath, thaw, thigh, thew, 
Otho, they, thee, thy, thou, if, off, oaf, Fay, fee, few, eve, of, vie, 
vow, view, avow, Ann, e'en, in, on, nay, knee, gnaw, nigh, new, 
Anna, Annie, annoy, anew, am, ma, may, me, maw, mow, my, 
who, high, how, hew, ahoy, yea, ye, yaw, you, we, Waugh, woe, 
woo, eyed, ice, icy, eyes, ivy, ale, ell, eel, ill, all, lay, lee, law, 
low, isle, oil, owl, lie, lieu, oily, allay, ally, Eli, alloy, allow. 



JOmiNG CONSONANT-STEMS. 21 



CHAPTER III. 

OF JOINING CONSONANT-STEMS. 

17. All the consonant-stems of a word should be joined to- 
gether without removing the pen from the paper ; the second 
commencing where the first ends, the third at the end of the 
second, and so on ; thus, \ .— ^ hee-kay-em. 

18. A straight consonant-stem is repeated by doubling its 
length ; thus, gay-gay^ dee-dee, \ hee-hee. 

19. Curved consonant-stems are repeated thus : ,.— v— n ^'m-em, 
^^~i vee-vee. 

20. There should always be an angle between the stems of 
the following combinations : L..^^ ef-en, 'v-,^^ vee-en, ^^.^^^ vee-ing, 
f~^~^ lee-em, ^^ hay-ess. 

21. When two stems are joined that do not form a distinct 
angle, if one or both be heavy, they should be so blended that 
the precise point of junction shall not be discernible ; as in the 

following examples : \.^^ pee-hee, ^ ^f-Q^Hi ^ vee-kay, 

i vee-gay, \__^ lee-ing, (^ dhee-ing, ^ hay-zee. 

22. There should be no angle between the stems of the com- 
binations \_^ pee-en, ^ ef-kay, (_^ ith-en, f~^ lee-er, C) ^^- 

ess, ^ — ^ lee-shee, (^ lee-ish, ^ em-ess. 

23. The consonant-signs are read in the same order that they 
are written. It will sometimes happen that a sign which is 
further along than another iii the line of writing, must be read 
first ; thus, r^ is read ish-dee, and not dee-shee ; for, by the rule, 
dee is written downward, and as the sign must be made with- 
out taking off the pen, it is obvious that the _J was written 
first, and downward, and the | written last. 

EXERCISE rv. 
Join the following stems that are connected by hyphens: 
kay-kay, gay-gay, tee-tee, dee-dee, chay-chay, jay-jay, pee-pee, 
bee-bee, ree-ree, ish-ish, ess-ess, zee-zee, ith-ith, dhee-dhee, ef-ef, 



22 PHONOGRAPHIC HAND-BOOK. 

vee-vee, ing-ing, en-en, em-em, lee-lee, er-er, hay-hay, yay-yay, 
way-way, ef-en, ef-ing, vee-en, vee-ing, ith-ef, ith-vee, dhee-ef, 
dhee-vee, lee-em, lee-hay, en-shee, hay-ess, kay-gay, gay-kay, 
tee-dee, dee-tee, chay-jay, jay-chay, pee-bee, bee-pee, vee-kay, 
ef-gay, dee-vee, gay-way, vee-gay, hay-zee, dhee-ing, yay-ing, 
bee-ing, pee-ing, pee-en, en-ree, em-pee, ef-kay, ith-en, dee-ef, 
tee-ef, lee-er, lee-ess, lee-ish, lee-shee, em-ess ; kay-kay-mg, kay- 
kay-en, kay-ing-kay, kay-pee-ing, kay-bee-jay, kay-bee-kay, kay- 
en kay, kay-em-ing, kay-en-pee, kay-en-dee, kay-en-jay, kay- 
chay-ing, kay-jay-ing, gay-jay-ing, gay-em-ing, gay-ith-em, gay- 
ith-kay, tee-kay-ing, tee-pee-ef, tee-pee-tee, tee-pee-kay, tee-em- 
en, tee-bee-kay, tee-em-tee, tee-ith-kay, tee-dhee-ing, tee-en-kay, 
tee-chay-ing, dee-kay-ing, dee-ing-kay, dee-pee-tee, dee-ef-el, dee- 
en-bee, chay-kay-tee, chay-kay-ing, chay-ing-kay, chay-em-en, 
chay-pee-ing, jay-kay-bee, jaj^-bee-ing, jay-em-kay, jay-jay-ing, 
liee-kay-ing, pee-kay-jay, pee-kay-ing, pee-gay-em, pee-ing-kay, 
pee-pee-iug, pee-pee-ish, pee-ith-em, pee-en-kay, pee-jay-mg, bee- 
kay-em, bee-kaykay, bee-kay-ing, bee-gay-bee, bee-ing-kay, bee- 
em-bee, bee-dee-bee, bee-en-tee, bee-dhee-ing, ith-chay-mg, ef- 
gay-tee, ef-pee-ish, ef-em-ish, ef-em-ing, ef-tee-gay, ef-dhee-em, 
ef-er-em, vee-kay-tee, vee-en-tee, en-kay-em, en-kay-ith, en-kay- 
jay, en-kay-ing, en-bee-bee, en-em-kay, en-em-pee, en-en-vee, 
em-kay-ing, em-em-kay, em- tee-en, em-dhee-ing, em-en-tee, em- 
en-ith, em-chay-ing, em-jay-kay, hay-kay-en, yay-kay-ing, way- 
kay-ing ; kay-kay-ree-chay, tee-em-ree-chay, pee-chay-pee-pee. 



VOWELS BETWEEN CONSONANT-STEMS, ETC. 23 



CHAPTER lY. 

OF THE VOWELS BETWEEN CONSONANT-STEMS, 
AND THE POSITION OF WORDS. 

24 When vowel-signs occur between two consonant-stems, 
they should be written according to the following rule : 

I. All first -place, and all long second-place vowels are 
written to the stem wjiich precedes them ; thus, V-n halm, 

\ — lack^ ..^...file, \ balce. 

II. All short second-place, and all third-place vowels are 
written to the stem which follows them; thus, \ • beck, 

p^ dumb, -l-^,- tomb, ...rr- rick. 

25. When two vowel-signs occur together between two stems, 
write the first vowel-sign to the first stem, and the second 
vowel-sign to the other stem; thus, -^ss^- cooing, Ji- duel, 
v__^ Noah. 

' 26. Every word should be written in the position of its ac- 
cented vowel. A word is said to occupy a particular position 
when its first perpendicular or inclined consonant-stem is writ- 
ten in it, in accordance with the rules for positions of single 
stems at paragraph 90. If a word consist of only horizontal 
stems, its first stem should always be written in the position of 
the accented vowel. Throughout this work, the line of writ- 
ing is indicated, in connection with words of thej^rs^ and third 
positions, by the dot line. All words that occur without the 
line of writing being so represented, are to be regarded as be- 
longing to the second position. 

EXAMPLES. 

First Position: ' \ cap, Jv fowl, ^ fail, ^7^. calm, 
y caw, LL alike. 

Second Position : ^ pail, pale, /C\ rope, ~Y gale, _7^ Kel- 
ly, ,-^ m^ake. 

Third Position : "^" fool, ^^. coop, -_::ij^- Jdng, -^■- me. 



24 PHONOGKAPHIC HAND-BOOK. 

EXERCISE V. 

Caulk, cake, coke, cook, cuckoo, cog, keg, catch, coach, cage, 
cap, copy, occupy, cape, cup, keep, coop, cab, cub, cube, Cuba, 
kith, aching, calm, comb. Gawk, gag, gig, gewgaw, gouge, 
gage, gang, game, gum, gummy. Tack, attack, talk, take, took, 
tag, attach, touch, teach, top, type, tip, tabby, tub, tube, tooth, 
tithe, teethe, tongue, atom, tame, teem, tomb. Dock, dike, de- 
coy, deck, decay, dog, Dutch, ditch, dodge, adage, deep, dupe, 
daub, death, Edith, dong, aiding, dam, dame, dome, dumb, 
deem, doom. Chalk, check, choke, cheek, chick, chop, choppy, 
cheap, chub, chubby, etching, chime, chum. Jack, jocky, jag, 
iag&y> jog, jift, jo^, jibe. Job, edging, jam, Jim. Pack, pike, 
opaque, peck, epic, poke, peak, pick, peg, pig, patch, poach, 
pitch, pitchy, page, pap, papa, pop, puppy, pup, pope, peep, 
pipe, path, apathy, pithy, pang, aping, palm, palmy. Back, 
balk, balky, bake, book, bag, boggy, beg, bug, buggy, big, batch, 
beach, babe, baby, bath, both, bathe. Booth, bang, balm, balmy, 
boom. Ethic, thick, thatch, thong, thumb. Folk, fog, foggy, 
fig, fetch, Fitch, fudge, effigy, fop, fip, fob, Phebe, fib, faith, 
fang, fame. Vague, vogue, evoke, vouch, vim. Nack, neck, 
nook, nag, notch, nitch, inch, enjoy, nap, nip, nab, knob, knob- 
by, nub, nib, name, enemy, numb. Mack, Mackey, mock, Mike, 
mica, make. Mocha, muck, mucky, mug, muggy, match, much, 
image, map, mop, mob, moth, mouth, mith, mouthe, aiming, 
mamma, maim, mum. Hack, hawk, hook, hog, hatch, hitch, 
hedge, hang, hum. Yolk, jam. Walk, awoke, week, wick, 
wag, wig, wipe, weep, web. 

Callfing, kicking, Keokuk, kink, keeping, cabbage, comic, 
combing, academy, canopy, candy, Canada, coinage, catching, 
caging, kedging ; gaging, gaming, gumming, Gotham, gothic, 
guaging, gouging, gushing, gashing ; talking, taking, typify, 
topic, tobacco, tomato, Timothy, tamely, to-morrow, teaming, 
toothache, teething, tithing, tonic, tunic, teaching, touching, at- 
taching, tank ; docking, ducking, donkey, deputy, depth, day- 
book, daubing, dabbing, defile, domino, damage, damning, 
deeming, denied, ditching ; Choctaw, chalking, choking, chunk, 
chapping, chiming, chimney ; Jacob, joking, junk, jobbing, Ja- 
maica, jamming, Geneva, jaunty, judging; packing, package, 



VOWELS BETWEEN CONSONANT-STEMS, ETC. 25 

poking, pigmy, pagoda, pegging, pink, peeping, apotliem, Pan- 
ama, panic, patching, pitching, paging, pushing ; becalm, back- 
ache, balking, baking, bucking, bigamy, Bogota, baggage, bag- 
ging, bank, banging, bamboo, botany, bedaub, bathing, benumb, 
bonnet, bounty, beneath, botching, budging ; thatching ; fagot, 
foppish, fobbing, fifty, fifth, famish, foaming, fatigue, fathom, 
affinity, fetching ; vacate, evoked, evoking, vivify, venom, van- 
ity, avenge, voyaging ; income, uncouth, encage, uncage, knock- 
ing, enigma, unpack, napping, nabob, nabbing, infamy, unfair, 
unveil, invoke, nymph, unmake, naming, numbing, entomb, 
anatomy, inanity, notching, gnashing ; mocking, making, monk, 
monkey, mink, embalm, embody, mammoth, mimic, maining, 
mutiny. Madonna, mouthing, amenity, emanate, month, munch, 
manage, matching, magic, mashing ; hacking, hackney, hook- 
ing, hoggish, hugging, hatching, hitching, hedging, hashing, 
hushing, hanging, humming ; yoking ; walking, waking. 
2 



PHONOGKAPHIC HAND-BOOK. 



CHAPTER V. 

CIRCLES AKD LOOPS. 

S AND Z CIECLE. 

27. The s and z are consonant elements of such frequent re- 
currence, that it has been found convenient to furnish them 
with an additional and briefer means of representation. The 
full or stem forms are given in the Table of Consonants ; the 
other form is a small circle; thus, o ess, zee. 

28. The circle is joined to consonant-stems as follows : 

I. To single straight stems, by a motion from the right over 
to the left ; thus, (J-i^ s-kay-s, [ s-tee-s, \^ s-pee-s. 

II. To simple curved stems, by writing it on the inside of the 
curve ; thus, ^ s-is7i-s, Q s-ith-s, ^ s-ess-s, ^-^ s-em-s, <5_p s-en-s, 
(^ s-lee-s. 

29. When the circle occurs between two stems, it is written 
according to the following rule : 

I. Between two straight stems, both of which are written in 
the same direction, — by writing it to the first the same as if it 
were not followed by another stem ; thus, n kay-s-kay, 
N;^ pee-s-bee. 

II. Between two straight stems that form an angle at their, 
junction, — by writing it on the outer side of the angle ; thus, 
~~f kay-s-jay, y> lee-s-jay, j dee-s-kay, J ree-s-kay. 

III. Between a straight and a curved stem, — by writing it on 
the inner side of the curved stem ; thus, ^^^ pee-s-vee, X tee-s-el, 
^~ tee-s-lee, /^^ lee-s-pee. 

IV. Between two curved stems, if both are arcs of circles 
struck in the same direction, — by writing it on the inner side 
of both ; thus, W ef-s-el, ,^—C em-s-lee, .— ,5— x em-s-em. 

V. Between two curved stems that are arcs of circles struck 
in opposite directions, and that do not form a distinct angle at 
their junction, — ^by turning it on the inner side of the first stem ; 
thus, ^-~b,_^ em-s-en, ^^ ef-s-er, ^^p.— n ens-em^ 



CIRCLES Al^D LOOPS. 27 

VI. Between two curved stems that form an angle at their 
junction, and that are arcs of circles struck in opposite direc- 
tions, — by turning it on the outer side of the angle ; thus, 
L^ ef-s-lee^ (^ ith-s-Ue, k_^ ens-lee. 

30. When a vowel immediately precedes a consonant-stem 
that has an initial circle, or immediately follows a consonant- 
stem that has a final circle, the vowel-sign is v/ritten to the 
stem as if it had no circle attached; thus, ■['-- seat and -I-- teas 
arc vocalized the same as - I- m^ and j-. tea. 

31. In reading words in which circles are used, an initial cir- 
cle is read first; then the vowel-sign, if one precede the stem ; 
thirdly, the stem ; then its following vowel-sign, if there be 
one ; and lastly, a final circle ; thus, X s-u-pp-o-se. 

32. With up-stroke stems, an initial circle will, of course, be 
at the bottom, and a final circle at the top ; thus, 'f sale, sail ; 
f^ lays ; y, race. 

33. When a circle occurs between two consonant-stems, if a 
vowel immediately precede the circle, — write its sign to the 
first stem ; thus, J__ desk ; — but if the vowel immediately fol- 
low the circle, — write its sign to the second stem; thus, 
^~H_ unsafe. 

34. The stem-sign ess should be used instead of the circle 

(1) when 5 or 2 is immediately followed, or immediately preced- 
ed by two concurrent vowels ; thus, ^ science, ~^) chaos — 

(2) for one of two s-sounds when they are the only consonants 
in a word ; thus, ^)^ cease — (3) when an s-sound is the first con- 
sonant in a word that commences with a vowel ; thus, ') ask 

— and (4) when it is the only consonant-sound in a word ; thus, 
•) ace, )• say. 

35. The stem-sign zee should be used (1) when a 2-sound is 
the first consonant in a word; thus, -Sh. oozing, --]^^-- zero — 
(2) when a 2-sound is the last consonant in a word that ends 
with a vowel ; thus, X) rosy — and (3) when a is-sound is the 
only consonant in a word ; thus, •) ayes. 

LARGE CIRCLE FOR SS. 

36. When the sound of ess or zee occurs twice in a word, with 
no other consonant between, or when the sounds of ess and zee 



28 PHONOGKAPHIC HAND-BOOK. 

occur in like proximity, the two sounds are generally represent- 
ed by making the circle twice the size of the single ^ss-circle ; 
thus, o s or z, Q ss or zz, or sz, or zs. 

37. The large circle is joined to consonant-stems precisely 
like the small circle ; thus, q^ ss-kay, _o kay-ss, —/^ kay-ss-ree. 
These compounds are also vocalized the same as the small cir- 
cle compounds ; thus, --^ system, s^ necessity, o cases. 

SMALL LOOP FOR ST OR ZD, 

38. "When the consonant-sound tee immediately follows ess 
(as in the words most, cost, etc.), or, when dee follows zee (as in 
the words amazed, raised, etc., the two sounds are represented 
by lengthening the circle into a small loop, extending about 
one third the length of the stem ; thus, „_ si-kay, _^ kay-st, 
.^^^ st-kay-st. 

LARGE LOOP FOR STR. 

39. A large loop, extending about two thirds the length of 
the stem, may be used to represent the sound of str, with any 
vowel-sound that occurs between the t and the r (as in the words 
master, castor, posture, texture, etc.) ; thus, _^ k-str. Stems with 
loops attached are vocalized the same as the circle stems ; thus, 
• f state, I; taste, C lost, j;^ castor, "^ master, \j^ texture. 

40. The small circle is added to the large circle and to the 
loops by turning it on the opposite side of the stem ; thus, 
_ .p excesses, -^ coasts, _^=i coasters. 

EXERCISE VI. 

Sack, sock, sky, skow, sake, soke, suck, seek, sick. Sag, sog- 
gy. Sat, sought, sty, sight, stay, stow, seat, sit, city, settee, soot, 
suit, stew. Sad, sawed, sod, side, sowed, sewed, said, seed, 
seedy, sued. Such. Sage, siege. Sap, sop, spy, soap, sup, sip, 
soup. Sob, sub. South, Seth, sooth. Scythe, soothe. Safe, 
sofa. Salve, Savoy, save, sieve. Sang, song, sung, sing. Sawn, 
sign, sown, snow, son, sun, sunny, seen, sin, soon. Sam, psalm, 
same, sum, some, seem. Sway. 

Cass, ax, cause, ox, coys, cows, case, aches, oaks, keys, kiss, 
accuse. Gas, gauze, guise, gaze, guess, eggs, geese, goose. Toss, 
ties, toys, toes, oats, tease, eats, its. Adz, dies, dice, days, aids, 



CIRCLES AND LOOPS. 29 

does, odes, dues, adduce. Chaws, choice, chose, chess, etches, 
cheese, choose. Jaws, joys, ages, edges, juice, Jews. Ashes, 
shies, shows, shoes. Thaws, thighs. Those, thus. this. Office, 
phase, face, efface, fuss, fuzz, fees, fuse, effuse. Vice, vies, voice, 
vows, avows, vase, eaves, views. Gnaws, nice, annoys, ounce, 
nose, niece, knees, news. Mass, alms, moss, mice, mouse, mace, 
amaze, mess, aims, Miss, amiss, muse, amuse. Hies, house, 
haze, hoes, hiss. Yes, use. Wise, ways, woos. 

Sacks, sex, six, seeks. Sets, stays, cities. Sods, seeds, seduce. 
Sages. Spies, spouse, space, suppose. Suffice, suffuse, since. 

Scape, scope, scab, scheme, scathe, skinny, sketch, seeking ; 
seating, sitting ; sachem ; speedy, speech, spoke ; subdue ; sab- 
bath ; soothing ; safety, sphere ; savage ; sank, singing ; snap, 
Sunday, singe, snowshoe, snake, scenic, snag, singing ; Sambo, 
simoom, Smith, smudge, smash, smoke, seeming, sweep, swam, 
swing, swab, swig. 

Skipping, scheming, scathing, sketching, spunk; subpoena, 
subduing ; suffocate ; sinking ; snappish, sneaking, synagogue ; 
somebody, smoothing, smacking ; swinging, swimming, swamp. 

Copse, coppice, cautious, coax ; goddess, gayness, agonize ; 
typhus, Thomas, Tunis, tax ; depose, edifice, device, advice, 
advise, deduce, ducliess, Dix, decks ; chops, Chinese ; jo- 
cose, Jabez, James, genius ; pappoose, pumice, pathos ; box, 
Bacchus, abduce ; ethics ; fox, fix, affix, fides, famous ; vex, 
Venice ; anxious ; onyx, annex, encase, notice, Andes, Natchez, 
infuse, novice, annoyance, announce ; makes, emboss, omi- 
nous, menace ; hacks, hogs, hums, highways ; yokes, Young's ; 
awakes. 

Cask, excite, exit, accede, cousin, causing. Gasp, gazette, 
gusset, gassing, guessing. Task, tusk. Otsego, tacit, outset, 
tasty, outside, Tuesday, teasing. Desk, disk, audacity, dusty, 
deceit, disavow, deceive, dosing, educing, design, dismay. 
Atchison, chosen, choosing. Joseph. Paucity, opposite, up- 
set, passage, pacify, passive, passing, opposing. Bask, besought, 
bestow, beside, beseech, abusive, basing, buzzing, abusing, be- 
som, bosom. Physic, offset, facet, effusive, facing, fasten. Vasty, 
visit, evasive. Nosegay, nicety, honesty, unsought, insight, 
unseat, inside, unsaid, unsafe, unsung, insane, unseen. Mask, 



30 PHONOGEAPHIC HAliD-BOOK. 

music, musty, massive, missive, massing, amassing, amazing, 
missing, musing, amusing, mason. Hasty, hasp, hissing. Wasp, 
wisp, Wesley. 

Cease, says, siss, saucy, sissy, size, seize ; ask, askew, espy, 
assume ; Czar, oozing, Isaac ; gassy, Tasso, juicy, posse, fussy, 
foci, massy, Macy, say, see, saw, so, papacy, intimacy, ecstasy, 
spicy, gipsy, tipsy ; cozy, daisy, Pisa, posy, busy, fuzee, mazy, 
muzzy, noisy. 

Season, society, excessive, exist, desist, possessed, possessive, 
Mississippi, necessary, necessity ; cases, causes, access, excess, 
accuses, guesses, teases, doses, dozes, deuces, adduces, choses, 
chooses, ceases, thesis, theses, faces, offices, eflFaces, fuses, vices, 
voices, masses, mazes, messes, misses, Moses, amuses, nieces, 
success, senses, suffices, supposes, spaces. Capsize, colossus, 
Texas, devises, apothesis, emphasis. 

Stack, stake, stuck, stag, state, statue, staid, stood, steady, 
stitch, stage, step, stab, staff, stuff, stave, stove, sting, steam. 

Cast, cost, coast, accused, gassed, guest, ghost, august, August, 
test, toast, dosed, dust, adduced, jest, just, past, paced, paused, 
post, opposed, best, abused, assessed, assist, zest, fast, feast, ef- 
fused, vast, nest, honest, mast, missed, most, must, amazed, 
hissed, housed, yeast, used, waste, west. 

Castor, coaster, tester, duster, Chester, pastor, poster, faster, 
visitor, master, waster ; teamster, gamester, monster, tapster ; 
songster, sophister, paymaster, minister ; texture, mixture, fix- 
ture, pasture, posture. 

Excesses, successes, recesses, possesses ; casts, coasts, ghosts, 
toasts, chests, posts, boasts, assists, fasts, foists, vests, nests, 
masts, hoists, wastes ; castors, toasters, dusters, Chester's, pas- 
tor's, posters, visitors, master's; postures, pastures, textures, 
mixtures, fixtures. 



KULES FOE THE USE OF THE STEMS, 31 



CHAPTER YI. 

EXILES FOR THE USE OF THE STEMS, ISH, SHEE, 
EL, LEE, ETC. 

41. The sign Ji sli is written downward wlien it is the only 
consonant-stem in a word ; or the first stem of a word that 
commences with a vowel ; or the final element of a word ; thus, 
■■_J- me, _)_ sash, ^ Ashb]/,'^ iush. But when it is the last 
consonant of a word that ends with a vowel, it should be 
struck upward ; thus, -\^;. hushy, 

42. The sign (^ lis written upward when it is the only con- 
sonant-stem in a word ; or commences a word ; or is the last 
consonant of a word that ends with a vowel ; thus, (^ lay, 
'f ale, (<\ lobe, f. ~ lake, Vj^ fdly. But when it is the first 
consonant-stem in a word that commences with a vowel, or is 
the final element of a word, it is generally written downward ; 
thus, 'P^ Elihu, --^-- feel. Before perpendicular and inclined 
stems, however, it should generally be written upward, even 
when preceded by a vowel ; thus, /^ degy. 

43. The down stroke "^ r is generally used when r is the 
first or only consonant-sound in a word that commences with 
a vowel ; or when r ends a word ; thus, ">^ air, 'A__ ark, 
\-^ bore. The up-stroke ^ r is generally used at the com- 
mencement of words, and when it is the last consonant of a 
word that ends with a vowel ; thus, X] road, ^- story. 

EXERCISE vn. 
She, shy, issue, sash, Ashby, oceanic, cash, gush, dash, dish, 
Josh, push, bush, fish, gnash, mash, mush, hush, pasha, bushy, 
fishy. In the following words, when thQ sign for sh is to be 
written upward, it is italicised. Shake, shock, shook, shag, 
shaggy, shoddy, sheep, shabby, sheath, s/ieathe, s/ieaf, shvcve, 



32 PHONOGEAPHIG HAND-BOOK. 

sTioye, shiny, sham, shame, Chicago, shocking, shank, shaping, 
slaving, shaming, sA-eathing ; shyness. 

La, lay, Lee, lea, law, low, lieu, ale, eel, ill, all, isle, oil, owl, 
aisle, Eli, allow, alloy, alley ; sail, seal, sell, sill, sole, soul, soil, 
slay, slow, sly, slough, slew, sallow, silly, Sylla^_sully ; lass, lace, 
less, lease, lees, laws, loss, lose, loose, lies, louse ; ails, ells, ills, 
aisles, alas, alleys, allies, allays, Ellis. Lack, lock, like, lake, 
elk, luck, lucky, leak, lick, Luke, look, lag, log, lug, leg, league, 
latch, lodge, Elijah, ledge, allege, elegy, liege, lap. Alp, lop, 
elope, leap, lip, loop, lobby, elbow, lobe, lash, lath, lithe, loath, 
Lethe, lathe, loathe, although, laugh, life, elf, loaf, leaf, leafj^, 
aloof, lava, Alva, hve, alive, olive, levy, love, leave, Levi, hve, 
lung, lamb, lime, lame, loam, loom, Lehigh, alway, always. 
Commence the words lamp, lump, lumpy, limp, limbo, etc., 
with the downward I 

Alum, elm. Alma, ahke, elk, Olney, Illinois, Elihu, kill, gall, 
goal, guile, tale, tall, toll, tool, dale, deal, dill, dell, doll, Odel, 
dole, dull, jail, jole, agile, pale, pell, peel, pill, Paul, pole, pull, 
appall, bale, Beale, bill, Boole, bull, bile, boil, fail, feel, fell, fall, 
foal, fool, file, foil, foul, vale, veal, vile, Neal, anneal, Nile, nell, 
knoll, meal, mall, mill, mole, mile, mule. 

Callow, galley, gaily, tally, outlay, outlaw, dally, oddly, daily, 
delay, duly, Chili, chilly, jelly, Julie, Polly, pulley, ballet, by- 
law, Bailey, belay, bellow, below, billow, bully, shallow, Shiloh, 
Shelly, shoaly, shilly, shally, Othello, folly, felly, fellow, valley, 
villa, Nelly, Molly, Emily, mellow, lowly, lily, rally, Ealeigh, 
Riley, hallow, hoUow, halo, hilly, wallow, waylay, willow, 
woolly. 

Ai'm, army, Aram, aroma, Eric, ark, ergo, argue, orb, herb, 
Arab, Irish, airing, are, air, airy, ear, Erie, or, ire, awry, array, 
err, oar, arrow, arise, erase, arose, arouse, arrest ; gear, gore, tar, 
tower, tire, attire, tear, tore, dare, door, adore, char, jar, ajar, 
par, pare, pair, peer, pore, purr, poor, bar, bare, beer, bore, boor. 
Burr, fair, fare, fear, veer, liar, lower, leer, sire, sour, soar, sir, 
sewer, star, store, stir, steer. Ram, ream, rim, rhyme, rum, 
Rome, room, rheum. 

Rack, rake, wreck, wreak, rag, rap, reap, ripe, rob, rope, robe, 
rub, rash, wrong, ring, race, rice, rose, rouse, ruby, rupee, rud- 



EULES FOR THE TSE OF THE STEMS. 33 

dy. Carry, Cora, Gerry, gory, tory, ten'a, tyro, dowry, dairy, 
cherry, cheery, Jerry, sherry, thorough, fairy, fury, furrow, 
ivory, vary, narrow, marry, marrow, miry, morrow, merry, 
Mary, Leary, Laura, Rarey, raree, Aurora, harrow, hurry. Yar- 
row, weary, wiry, sorrow, sorry, Sarah, starry, story. Wreath, 
writhe, reach, wretch, roach, arch, archy, rage, urge. 
2* 



34: PHONOGEAPHIC HAND-BOOK. 



CHAPTER VII. 
INITIAL HOOKS. 

THE L-HOOKS. 

44. A small hook at the beginning and on the circle side of 
any straight stem, and a large hook at the beginning and on 
the concave side of any curved stem, indicates that such con- 
sonant is immediately followed by the liquid I ; thus, c Tcay-l^ 

c gay-l^ \ tee-l, f dee-l, /" chay-l, / jay-l, \ pee-l^ \ l)ee-l^ y 

ree-l, J? ish-l, ^ sJiee-l^ J) zhee-l, ^ ess-l, ^ zee-l, Q ith-l,Q dhee-lj 
Q_ ^f-h ^ ■^^^^> Q-^ ing-l, c^ en-l, cr^ em-ly (^ lee-l, (^ el-l^ ^ 
€r-?, cT^ 7iay4y f^ yay-l, ^ icay-l. 

THE K-HOOKS. 

45. A small hook at the beginning, and on the side opposite 
the Z-hook, of any straight stem, and a small hook at the be- 
ginning and on the concave side of any curved stem, indicates 
that such consonant is immediately followed by the liquid r ; 
thus, c — hay-r, ^ — gay-r, 1 tee-r, ] dee-r^ / chay'i\ / jay-r^ 
"X pee-T, "X hee-i\ /" ree-r^ J) ish-r, ^ shee-r^ J) zhee-Vy *) ess-r^ 
) zee-r, C ith-r, ( dhee-r, ^ ef-r, ^ vee-r, .^^^ ing-r, ,^_^ en-r, .^^ 
em-r, C lee-r, (^ el-i\ "^ er-r^ ^^-^ Jiay-r, (^ yay-r^ "^ way-r. 

46. These double or group signs should not be called hay-el^ 
kay-er, gay-el^ gay-er, etc., but kel, Tcer^ gel^ ger, etc. 

47. The double consonant-signs of the el and er hook series 
are vocalized the same as if they were simple stems; thus, 
-j ode, -] odor, \ pay, \ play. 

Examples : Q_ oval, ..... eagle, X pray, = glow, \ apple, 

-Q^.. evil, ^ every, qi^ only, ^ .. ' knuckle, "^^' biisily, ~r-\ ca- 
per, ^ razor, /^>^ reply, 1__ tiger, '""^ gospel, -^ registry. 

48. The group-signs of the I and r hook series are seldom 
used where there is a distinct vowel-sound heard between the 



INITIAL HOOKS. 35 

two elements represented by them. It is sometimes, however, 
convenient to do so, and then the intervening vowel should be 
written as follows : Dot- vowels are indicated by a small cir- 
cle, written in the three vowel positions and placed before the 
double sign for the long vowels, and after it for the short vow- 
els ; thus, ,,_^ card, ..].. deai\ p> tell^ ..I., till. Dash-vowels and 
DIPHTHONGS are struck through the double consonant-sign; 
thus, „^_ coal^ .^-^ coarse, %, hurst, .>rfr^... endure. When a hook 
would interfere with the striking of a vowel-sign through the 
stem, it may be written at the end ; thus, .'"^^ _ call, "~\ erapire. 

49. The ess-c\vc\Q may be prefixed to all the ^hook signs, 
and to the curved ^r-hook signs, both at the commencement and 
in the middle of words, by turning it on the inside of the hook ; 

thus, ,3 ski, \ spl, <^_ sfl, c^;-s. sml, ($^ sfr, <^_, sngr, ^^~^ smr. 

A loop or large circle is never prefixed to an ^-liook sign. 

50. The two circles and the s^-loop are prefixed to the straight 
r-hook signs, by merely writing them on the r-hook side of 
the stems, or, in other words, by making the hook into a small 
circle, a large circle, or a loop, as the case may be ; thus, 
% spr, c\ ss-pr, '\ stpr, — ^ kay-skr, \^ tee-skr, \. pee-spr, 

q dee-ss-tr. 

Examples : \ sable, °\ sabe7', \ spray, •/ staler, <L« disclos- 
ed, (__3 disgraced, "X^. prosper. Sometimes it is better to dis- 
tinctly write both the r-hook and circle ; thus, ~~^ express. 

W-HOOK 

51. The consonant w may be joined to the straight stems by 
a large initial hook, on the Z-hook side ; thus, cl— ^w, P tw, 

P"^ twice, 'r— squaw, ^ — ^ acquire. 

Y-HOOK. 

52. The consonant y may be joined to the straight stems by 
a large initial hook, on the r-hook side ; thus, c^- ky, '] ty. 
This hook is used principally by reporters, in phrase-writing. 

INITIAL N-HOOK. 

53. The syllables en, in, and un may be prefixed to the 
straight treble signs of the skr series, by turning a small back- 



36 PHONOGKAPHIC HAND-BOOK. 

ward hook on tlae Z-hook side of the stem ; and to curved stems 
with initial circles, by turning a similar hook on the outside of 
the curve ; thus, v \ inscribe, l^^ unstrung, ,(\_ enslave. 

EXERCISE VIII. 

Claw, clue, cry, acre, crow, glow, ogle, glee, gray, grow, 
augur, tree, Troy, try, utter, outer ; idle, draw, dry, odor ; play, 
plea, apple, plough, pray, pry; blow, blue, able, bray, brow; 
shrew, usher, Asher; azure; throw, through, ether, author; 
either; fly, flee, flew, awful, fry, fray, free, ofi'er; evil, oval, 
every ; honor, owner ; oral, error ; ugly, agree, idly, apply, ably, 
affray, inlay, only, orally, early, hourly. 

Cackle, coggle, couple, cable, cosily, cavil, camel, kingly, ken- 
nel ; giggle, gable, gavel, gunwale ; tickle, toggle, tattle, total, 
topple, table, tunnel, toughly ; ducal, dapple, deeply, audible, 
double, doubly, devil ; chuckle, chapel, chiefly, channel ; jog- 
gle ; pickle, petal, paddle, peddle, papal, pupil, pebbly, pithily, 
penal, pummel; buckle, boggle, battle, beetle, beadle, Bible, 
babble, busily, baffle, buffalo, bevel ; shackle, shuttle, shuffle, 
shovel ; thickly, ethical, ethically, thoroughly ; fickle, faddle, 
fable, affable, final, finally, funnel ; vocal, vigil, venal, vainly, 
evenly ; uncle ; knuckle, noddle, noble, enable, novel, anvil, 
animal ; meekly, medal, meddle, Mitchel, maple, employ, muz- 
zle, muffle, mainly ; likely, legal, libel, lazily, lawful, lively, 
lovely, Longley, lonely ; arable, ireful, arrival, auroral, oracle ; 
regal, haggle, hopple, huddle ; weakly, wiggle, wevil. 

Cookery, copper, coffer, calmer; gainer, gallery; tawdry, 
teacher, taper. Tabor, tougher, tenor ; ditcher, dodger, dipper, 
Deborah, defray, diver, dinner ; chowder, chaffer ; Jeffrey, 
Jethro ; pucker, pauper, paper, pusher, puffer, paver, penury ; 
backer, beggar, betray, battery, Beecher, badger, banner ; shak- 
er, sugar, shaver, shiver ; Oscar, astray ; thievery ; figure, fop- 
pery, fibre ; vicar, vigor, voucher, voyager, vapor, vainer ; 
anchor ; knocker, negro, injure, neighbor, knavery, enamor, 
nailer ; mocker, meagre, amber, mover, manner, manor ; locker, 
liquor, ultra, ladder, lodger, labor, lubber, leisure, loafer, lever, 
Oliver, lunar, lamer; arbor, archer, archery, erasure; rigor, 
richer, reaper, robber, razor, ringer, rhymer, railer; Hecker, 



INITIAL HOOKS. 37 

heifer, hanger, Henry, hammer, horror [er] ; euchre, walker, 
watery, wager, wafer, waver, winner. 

Caudle, cudgel, riddle, richly, ripple, rabble ; talker. Tucker, 
tiger, dagger, checker, cheaper, joker, jabber ; accusable, gospel, 
peaceful, passively, passover, feasible, visible, risible, registry. 

Call, coal, cool, core, cure, coarse, cur, curse, college, courage, 
colonel, colony, calumny, correct; gargle, gui'gle, gulf; tell, 
till, terminate ; durst, dear ; cheer, charger, Charles, charm, 
church ; George, germ, journey, journal, jerk ; portray, partial, 
parsimony, paraphrase, purple, person, pioneer ; barber ; shawl, 
share, sure, surest, surer, sureness, sharp, sharpest, shark ; 
Thursday, thirst ; there, their ; fill, full, fullness, follow, fulfill, 
falseness, falsifier, philosophy, figure, furthest ; very, veriest, 
every, vulgar, verbose, verbal, averse; nail, nullify, nullity, 
near, nearest, nearness. Nelson, nor, enormous, normal, north, 
nerve, nervous, nurse, nourish, incur ; mere, more, murmur, 
marvel, mercury ; lurch, lurk, learner ; oral ; real, release, rule, 
recur, recourse ; hall, hail, heel, hell, hill ; yawl, yell, Yale ; 
wile, well, weal, war, wore, wire, wear, work. 

Cycle, sickle, sickly, settle, subtle, saddle, satchel, sagely, 
supply, sable, safely, civil, small, smile, school ; seeker, succor, 
screw, straw, stray, strow, satyr, suitor, sadder, cider, solder, 
cedar, sager, spray, spry, supper, sipper, saber, sober, soother, 
safer, cipher, suffer, savor, savory, sever, signer, sinner, sooner, 
singer ; stalker, stocker, sticker, stagger, stouter, stutter, stitcher, 
stager, stupor, stooper, Stuber. 

Phthisical, disciple, display, disable, destroy, tasker, disagree, 
possible, peacefully, poisoner, fusible, visible, vestry, vesper, 
mastery, massacre, useful. Extra, express, extreme, pastry, be- 
sieger, rostrum. 

Quack, quick, quota, quash, quoth, qualm, quell, query, quest, 
twist, questor, quench, quickly, quibble, quackery, quarrel, 
quiver, quicker, Quixote, squab, squall, squally, square, squash, 
squaw, squeak, squeal, squib, squeeze, bequest, inquest, request, 
require, inquire, esquire. 

Unscrew, inscribe, unscrupulous, unstrung, inseparable, in- 
superable, insatiable, unsociable, uncivil, unsafely, unceremoni- 
ous, unseemly, enslave, insoluble, unsalable. 



38 PHONOGBAPHIC HAND-BOOK. 

CHAPTER YIII. 
FINAL HOOKS. 

F, V, AND N HOOKS. 

54. F or v may be added to any straight stem by a small final 
book on the circle side ; and n, by a small final hook on the 
opposite side of a straight stem, and on the concave side of 
any curve ; thus, ^ Icay-f^ [ tee-f, J te€-n, V^ ef-n. 

SHN AND TR OR DHR HOOKS. 

55. The syllables shun or zhun^ as heard in nation, fusion, etc., 
may be added to any straight stem by a large final hook on the 
/-hook side ; and to any curved stem, by a large final hook on 
the concave side ; thus, _3 Tcay-shun, \^ ef-shun. And the 
compounds tr, dr, thr, and dhr, with any intervening vowel, 
may be added to any straight sign by a large final hook on the 
7i-hook side ; thus, — -, Tcay-tr, J tee-tr. 

56. A vowel-sign written to a stem that has any final hook, 
is alw^ays read before the hook ; thus, _^ cave, \ pave, 
—-^ cane, ^ fiown, i__:5 occasion, ^-^ motion, ^ actor, _^ clatter ^ 
y^ rather. 

57. The syllable shun or zhun may be added to any stem that 
has a final circle or loop, by turning a small hook on the back 

of the stem ; thus, ^ Tcay-s-shn, 1^ ef-s-shn, <f^ lee-str-shn, etc. 

This hook may be vocalized by writing a first or second place 
vowel before the hook, and a third-place vowel after it ; thus, 
• p accession, -U,- physician. The vowel may, however, be gen- 
erally omitted ; thus, ^- cessation. 

58. The ess-circle (but not the loops or large circle) may be 
added to an /, shn, or tr hook, and to an n-hook on a curved 
sign, by writing it inside the hook ; thus, _s. caves, l_s occasionSj 
^3 fashions, ^ actors, \:^ vanes. 

59. All the circles and loops may be added to the straight 
7i-hook signs by simply writing them on the 7i-hook side, vrith- 



FINAL HOOKS. 39 

out attempting to show the form of the hook ; thus, X pun, 

\ puns, \ punster, J - dunce, J - dunces, ^ against. 

60. The ^-circle and s7in may be added to the w-hook circleg 
and loops, by turning them on the opposite side of the stem ; 
thus, \ punsters, --]^- transition. An s-circle may also be add- 
ed to a turned shn-hook ; thus, -i^- physicians, ■■'^- transitions. 

EXERCISE IX. 

Cough, calf, cave, cuff, tough, deaf, chaff, chafe, chief, pave, 
puff, beef, rife, arrive, rave, rough, reef, skiff, surf, serf, cliff, 
cleave, bluff, crave, grave, gruff, groove, ' drive, drove, brave, 
brief, relieve, relief, strife, strove. 

Con, coin, cane, keen, kin, akin, coon, gone, gain, again, gun, 
tan, town, attain, tone, atone, tun, tune, dawn, down, dine, den, 
done, din, chain, chin, John, join, Jane, June, pan, upon, pine, 
pain, pen, open, ban, bone, bean, been, shine, shone, shun, ocean, 
sheen, assign, thin, than, thine, then, fan, often, fine, fun, van, 
vine, oven, even, non, nine, known, none, man, mine, men, 
moan, moon, lawn, line, loin, lane, loan, alone, iron, arraign, 
earn, ran, rain, wren, run, hen, hone, yawn, wan, wine, one, 
won, win. 

Kitchen, cabin, canon, taken, token, turn, detain, deaden, 
deepen, domain, chicken, Chapin, Japan, pigeon, pippin, bacon, 
beckon, baton, button, obtain, bitten, bobbin, benign, bowman, 
balloon, born, barren, shaken, aspen, thicken, thorn, fatten, 
famine, felon, foreign, villain, enchain, Nathan, uneven, un- 
known, unman, matin, maiden, imagine, machine, mammon, 
malign, marine, liken, laden, legion, leaven, linen, lemon, Ore- 
gon, remain, reckon, retain, ordain, region, ripen, robin, reas- 
sign, orphan, refine, renown, yeoman, awaken, widen, weapon, 
women. 

Scan, skin, satin, stain, stone, sadden, sudden, spun, spin, 
spoon, Sabine, soften, savan, salmon, summon, slain, sullen, se- 
rene, syren, swan, swain. 

Clan, clean, glean, plan, blown, flown, crane, grain, green, grin, 
train, drawn, drain, prune, brown, brain, shrine, throne, frown. 

Caution, action, occasion, tuition, edition, passion, option, 
fashion, effusion, evasion, vision, unction, nation, motion, mis- 



40 PHONOaKAPHIO HAND-BOOK. 

sion, elation, elision, illusion, allusion, oration, ration, Russian, 
Hessian. 

Actor, gather, gutter, tatter, tutor, daughter, debtor, chatter, 
patter, pother, batter, bother, better, writer, rather, scatter, spat- 
ter, sceptre, starter, clatter, glitter, platter, bladder, relator, crea- 
tor, charter, breather, brother, strutter. 

Calves, caves, dives, panes, buflfs, arrives, roves, roofs, shines, 
shuns, assigns, thins, thence, fans, fence, fins, vines, evince, 
nouns, mans, moans, immense, lines, loans, earns, arraigns, hence, 
yawns, wines, once, actions, cautions, cushions, additions, pas- 
sions, potions, fashions, nations, motions, lotions, orations, ra- 
tions, Hessians, actors, gathers, daughters, writers. 

Canes, cones, gowns, gains, tans, towns, attains, tons, tunes, 
dines, dons, dense, duns, dins, chance, joins, pans, pines, pence, 
opens, bans, bones, rounce, runs, Kansas, dances, chances, 
bounces, against, danced, chanced, bounced, rounced, canister, 
punster. 

Causation, accession, accusation, decision, position, posses- 
sion, cessation, physician, proposition, pulsation, sensation, ac- 
quisition, disquisition, deposition, imposition, supposition, dis- 
position, exposition, succession, procession. Accessions, deci- 
sions, positions, possessions, physicians, transitions. 



LENGTHENING. 4:1 

CHAPTER IX. 

LENGTHENING. 

61. Doubling the length of any curved sign, adds either tr, 

dr, thr^ or dhr ; thus, v^ ^ en-tr, or en-dr, etc. 

62-. The positions of horizontal double-length curves are 
necessarily the same as those of single lengths ; thus. 
First Position : .'.^^. em-tr, ^^;;^. en-tr. 

Second Position : .,-:::7>. em-tr, ^ ^ ing-tr. 

Thiri Position: .■;^.^^hay-tr,.^^^^^. en-tr. 

63. The positions of downward double-length curves are as 
follows : 

First Position. — The lower end resting on the line ; thus, 
l^^ vee-tr, ^ ish-tr. 

Second Position. — Divided by the line into two equal parts ; 
thus, -{■■ dliee-tr. 

Third Position. — About two thirds of the sign below the 
line ; thus, "^ ef-tr, ' i^' itJi-tr, '^)" ish-tr. 

64. The positions of upward double-length curves are as 
follows : 

First Position. — Commencing: about one third the length 
of a tee above the line ; thus, f lee-tr. 

Second Position. — Commencing at the line ; thus, ^^ lee-tr. 

Third Position. — Commencing about one third the length 
of a tee below the line ; thus, ../^. lee-tr. 

65. Any vowel-sign written to a lengthened curve is 
before the added consonants, tr, dr, etc. ; thus, f^ letter, 
^,,-p^ mother. 

66. A final circle, loop, or hook, on a lengthened curve, is read 
after the added consonants ; thus, -^77^ matters, -''^""^ moderns. 

67. If a vowel occur between the added consonants and the 
consonants that are represented by a final hook or circle, its sign 
must be omitted ; as the sign of the accented am ^f '' alteration. 



42 PHONOGEAPHIC HAND-BOOK. 

68. A vowel or diphthong occurring immediately before the 
final r of a «^r-loop sign, ^r-hook sign, or a lengthened curve, 
may he expressed by writing it according to the rule at para- 
graph 90, or by inclosing it within the loop or hook; thus, 
"<^^ creature, \____^ adventure, ^'^^^ entire. 

EXERCISE X. 

Shatter, Astor, oyster, theatre, thither, after, father, feather, 
feature, future, voter, entire, nitre, neither, nature, matter, 
mother, latter, altar, loiter, letter, Luther, Arthur, order, orator, 
hatter, hater, hither, water, wider, waiter. 

Easter-day, feathered, federal, entirely, motherly, latterly, al- 
tering, orderly, hitherto, withering. Diameter, chanter, jani- 
tor, jointure, juncture, panther, bolter, thunder, innovator, in- 
vader, monitor, laughter, rafter. Softer, saunter, centre, senator, 
smatter, smother, smoother, psalter, soldier, sweeter. Shoulder, 
shorter, assaulter, flatter, fritter, verdure, narrator, moulder, 
martyr, halter, Walter, wilder. 



43 



CHAPTER X. 

HALVING. 

69., Halving any consonant adds either ^ or d ; thus, __ Icay-t 
or dy ^ s-kay-t or d, c_ kay-iot or d^ ^ pee-rnt or d 

70. A final circle or loop is read after the added t or d ; thus, 
_^ kay-t'S, \. dee-rft-s. ^ 

71. The positions of half-length horizontals are, of course, the 
same as the positions of the full-length hori-^eaitals ; thus. 

First Position : ^ em-t, ^ s-en-t, ^ kay-nt. 
Secgistd Position : ^ en-t, __, gay-nt, ^ ing-t. 
Third Position : .^- ing-t, ^ s-en-t, .._.. gay-t. 

72. The positions of perpendicular and inclined stems are as 
follows : 

First Position. — Above the line, the lower end of the stem 
distant from it about one third the length of a tee ; thus, 
' tee-t, "^ lee-rnt, ^ tee-ft, ^ ree-ts, J jay-nt, J dee-nt. 

Second Position. — Resting on the line; thus, j' s-tee-nt, j 
jay-nt, j dee-nt. 

Third Position. — Just below the line ; thus, 'j tee-lnt, 
-J- dee-nt. 

73. A vocalized half-length sign is read in the following order : 
Mrst, the stem (with its hooks, initial circle or loop, if there be 
any) and its vowel-signs, in accordance with rules heretofore 
given, the same as if had not been halved ; second, the t or d 
added by halving ; and, third, the final ch-cle or loop, if there 
be any. 

Examples : _ get, |. date, ^ sect, ^ plate, ^ hurt, .p settled, 
^ sobered, 3. trained, o^ sprained, ^ blend, ^ blends, ^ ancient, 
"^ brands, ■:--^ approved, -:--, efficient. 

74. The half-length signs may be joined with other signs, 



4^ PHONOGRAPHIC HAND-BOOK. 

whether of the same or different lengths, or whether simple or 
compound ; and they may be used either at the beginning, in 
the middle, or at the end of words ; thus, ^7^ bottom, '^ as- 
certain, '^ ascertained, \^ fortified, ^^- affidavit, ,^^^^ sentiment^ 
/^ reputable, ^_^^ named, \) puzzled, ^~^^ m,uzzled. 

75. A stem must not be halved when it is joined to another 
stem with which it does not make a distinct angle, unless the 
exact point of junction can be readily discerned in some other 
way than by the angle. Therefore it is improper to write 
a halved kay after ef, vee, lee, or another kay ; thus, write 

'^ I not ^ L- for correct, C i not C for liked, etc. 

But we may writ^^jt;;^:- intimate, vj/^- intimation, etc., because 
in these outhnes it is easy to distinguish, both in writing and 
reading, the half-length from the stem to which it is joined. 

76. Sometimes it is necessary to detach a half-length from the 
preceding stem, or else to write its equivalent tuU-length stems ; 
thus, |r dated, ~^^_ waited, ]j dreaded, ^'j. or ~^ waded. 

77. Occasionally, when it is difficult or inconvenient to join 
the half-length est to a final sliun or en hook, it is allowable to 
strike it upward ; thus, v^i? factionist, i^:}^-- elocutionist. 

78. The use of the halving principle to indicate both t and d 
will sometimes give the same form for two different words ; thus, 

~ may be either got or Ood, ^ either bat or bad ; but, in the 
great majority of cases, the context will show which word is 
intended. If, however, it should ever be deemed desirable to 
distinguish between such words, the consonant t may be indi- 
cated by halving, and d written with the full stem-sign ; thus, 

X pate, as distinguished fropi ^ paid ; though, generally, 

no ambiguity would arise from writing paid the same as pate ; 
and so with most other words of the same class. The stem 
ree, however, when standing alone, should never be halved ex- 
cept to add ^, as in < right; such words as <^ ride being writ- ■ 
ten in full, 

79. Generally the rules for the use of the upward and down- 
ward stems, in Chapter VI., should be observed when they are 
written half-length ; thus, ;^' pulled^ '\: appellate. 



HALTING. 45 

EXEKCISE XI. 

Act, cat, caught, cod, cawed, cot, kite, cowed, Kate, ached, 
coat, code, cut, cud, keyed, eked, kit, kid, coot, cooed, cute ; 
gad, got, God, gout, gate, get, egged, goat, goad, good ; tat, 
taught, Todd, tight, tide, toyed, tote, towed, tut, teat, tit, toot ; 
dad, dot, Dodd, died, doit, doubt, date, debt, dead, dote, deed, 
did, dewed ; chat, Choate, cheat, chit, itched, chewed ; jot, aged, 
jet, jut ; pat, apt, pot, pout, pate, aped, pet, peat, pit, put ; bat, 
abbot, bought, hot, bite, about, bate, abate, bet, abet, boat, obit, 
beat, beet, bit, boot, Bute ; shad, shot, shod, shied, shout, shade, 
shed, shoat, showed, shut, sheet, shoot ; iced, oust, east ; eased, 
oozed ; thought, thawed ; fat, aft, fought, oft, fight, fate, fade, 
fed, feet, feed, fit, food, afoot, feud ; vat, vied, vowed, void, vote, 
viewed ; gnat, aunt, naught, gnawed, not, knot, nod, niglit, 
knout, neighed, net, end, note, node, nut, neat, need, nit ; mat, 
mad, might, Mott, mate, made, aimed, met, mote, mode, mud, 
meat, mead, mit, mid, moot, mood, mute, mewed ; lad, light, 
lot, loud, lout, late, laid, ailed, led, load, old, leet, lit, lead, lid, 
lute ; art, aired, erred, arrayed ; rat, rot, right, rout, write, 
wrought, rate, rote, wrote, rut, writ, root ; hat, hot, hight, Hoyt, 
hate, hut, heat, heed, hit, hid, hoot, hood, hewed ; yacht ; wight, 
wide, wait, weight, wade, weighed, wet, wed, weed, wit, wood. 

Kited, cadetj catched, couched, caged, capped, copied, occu- 
pied, kept, coped, cupped, cooped, Cupid, cubit, cashed, calmed, 
camped, comet, coiled, combed ; guided, guaged, gashed, ig- 
nite, gamut, gamed, go-ahead ; tacked, attacked, tagged, talk- 
ed, tugged, ticket, tucked, attached, touched, tapped, tipped, 
tippet^, tithed, timed, tamed, timid ; docked, docket, decked, 
duct, educate, edict, digged, ditched, dodged, digit, adopt, daub- 
ed, adept, debate, dipped, depute, duped, dashed, dammed, 
damned, admit, deemed, doomed, delight, dealt, adult, dulled, 
dart; chalked, chatted, chided, chopped, chimed ; jacket, joked, 
eject, jagged, jotted, agitate, jutted, jaded, Egypt, jobbed, giant, 
agent, jammed ; packed, appetite, patted, padded, patched, 
pitched, paged, upshot, pushed, epithet, pivot ; backed, bucket, 
bagged, begot, batted, bitted, bodied, bated, abated, beaded, 
beached, budged, budget, abashed, bethought, bathed, befit, 
banged, beamed, behead ; shocked, shouted, shadowed, shaped, 



4:6 PHONOGKAPHIC HAND-BOOK. 

sheathed, shaft, shift, shaved, shammed, ashamed ; asked, oust- 
ed, estate, escheat, espied, ice-boat, associate, assumed ; thicket, 
thatched, theft; fated, faded, fetched, fidget, fobbed, officiate, 
fanged, famed ; avoided, voted, vetoed, vapid, vitiate, vivid ; 
enact, uncaught, naked, untaught, noted, nodded, endowed, 
ended, indeed, notched, enjoyed, unapt, nabbed, gnashed, initi- 
ate, unfit, invite, unannojed, innate, unmade, inmate, unweigh- 
ed ; ingot ; mocked, mated, emptied, matched, imaged, mapped, 
mobbed, imbued, mashed, emaciate, method, mouthed, Mofiatt, 
moved, maimed; lighted, elated, lauded, loaded, latched, lodg- 
ed, eloped, looped, elbowed, loathed, loft, aloft, elevate, laved, 
longed, linnet, alienate, alamode, lamed, limit, lolled ; erect, ar- 
rogate, argued, orbit. Orient, armed, rhymed, remit, Ararat; re- 
act, rocked, rocket, ragged, righted, rotate, arched, wretched, 
reached, rigid, urged, rapped, reaped, repute, robbed, rebut, 
robed, rushed, earthed, wreathed, refit, rivet, reviewed, wrong- 
ed, runnet, renewed, roiled ; hacked, Hackett, hated, heated, 
headed, hatched, hitched, hedged, hashed, hushed, hemmed ; 
yoked, awaked, wicked. 

Cottage, codify, octave, active, coating, kidney, actual, actual- 
ly, cattle, acutely, actuary ; guiding, getting, godly ; idiotic, de- 
tach, dotage, detail, auditor, auditory, editor ; Chatham, chid- 
ing ; jading ; optic, poetic, potato, pottage, potash, epitaph, epi- 
tome, aptly, patly ; betake, bedeck, beautify, bottom, badly, 
bodily ; ascetic, acidity, ascetify, ousting, esteem ; azotic ; foot- 
boy, fattish, fatal, fatally, fitly, fighting, feeding, fitting ; avid- 
ity, avoiding, voting, vital, vitally ; antic, antique, entity, notify, 
native, knotting, omitting ; mattock, modish, amative, motive, 
modify, madam, motley, metal, medley ; lighten, lighting, light- 
ly, little, lottery; erratic, oratory, oratorio, retire, rotary, retake ; 
retouch, ratify, written, retina, retinue, writing, rooting ; head- 
ache ; waiting, wedding, wetting. 

Coact, caulked, cocked, caked, coquette, kicked, cooked, 
cockatoo, cockade, gagged, judged, popped, poppet, piped, 
puppet, peeped, pipped, bobbed ; lacked, locked, liked, locket, 
looked, lagged, logged, lugged, legged ; cracked, correct, 
cricket, charged, propped, probed. Catgut, Categat, octagon, 
catacomb, catechise, catechumen. 



HALVING. 47 

Dotted, doubted, dated, doted, deeded, treated, dreaded, en- 
treated, retreated, reiterated. 

Fashionist, factionist, visionist, elocutionist, canonist, opin- 
ionist. 

In this section the letters that are to be written with up- 
stroke stems are italicized. Coiled, culled, keeled, killed, 
collate, carat, carrot; galled, gulled, gullet; toiled, tolled, tilt, 
tilled, toilet, tart, tired, attired, tarred, turret; doled, dulled, 
dealt, dilate, dilute, dart, dirt, adored ; chilled, charred, chariot ; 
jolt, jilt, Juliet, jarred, jeered ; appalled, piled, pelt, paled, 
polled, pealed, appealed, pulled, pa^fet, paZate, Pirate, pitot, 
poflte, -pellety appe??ate, epaulette, pollute, puWet, apart, pirate, 
upright, uproot, port, peered, pared, poured ; bald, boiled, bail- 
ed, bolt, ballot, hullet, bard, board, beard ; filed, foiled, failed, 
felt, felled, fold, field, filled, fooled, fulled, folate, fi?fet, affiZiate, 
fired, fort, ferret ; vault, availed, vailed, violate, violet, veered ; 
mould, mulled, mallet, malleate, amu?et, emulate, mu^tet, mart, 
marred, mired, merit, moored ; JIallet. 



4:8 PHONOGKAPHIC HAND-BOOK. 



CHAPTER XI. 

ADDITIONAL CONSONANT-SIGNS, ETC. 

THE ASPIKATE H. 

80. When the stem ,^^ hay would form a difficult or awk- 
ward junction with a following stem, as for instance with pee, 
bee, ef, vee, ith, thee, etc., the aspirate may be represented by a 
dot placed before the sign of the intervening vowel or diph- 
thong; thus, -X; heap, X hub, V_ half. The dot-sign may 
be used in the middle of words before any consonant-stem, 
when it is more convenient than hay ; thus, N. perhaps, 
.^^7f\.. Alhambra. 

81. The stem way may be aspirated by a perpendicular ini- 
tial tick ; thus, '"S^ whey ; or by writing the dot after the way 
and before the succeeding vowel-sign ; thus, "^' white. 

82. The dot-sign for h may also sometimes be used initially 
before other consonants than those already specified, when the 
word has been abbreviated by omitting the stem hay from the 
commencement of its outline, and it is afterward thought best 
to insert an A-sign ; as in the words, — health, human, humbug, 
hedged, etc. The tick-sign for h need never be used except to 
distinguish between such words as White and Wight, whit and 
wit, whet and wet, ichine and wine ; and not even then if it would 
be obvious from the context which word was intended. 

THE NOMINAL CONSONANT. 

83. It is sometimes necessary to express one or more vowels 
or diphthongs without a consonant-stem, as is the case with a 
few words that contain only vowel-sounds. In such cases any 
one of the signs '\ \ \ having no specific value, may be em- 
ployed as an outline to which to write the vowel-signs ; thus, 

.| Eah, ^\^ lo. This sign, which is used only for the purpose 
of showing the vowel positions, is called The Nominal Con- 
sonant. 



ADDITIONAL CONSONANT-STEMS, ETC. 



49 



PUNCTUATION AND OTHER MARKS. 

84. The following are tlie punctuation and other marks used 
in Phonography : 



Comma 


» 


Semicolon 


; 


Colon 




Period 


X C 


Exclamation.. 


/ 


Interrogation 


? 


Doubt 


(?) 


Hyphen 


// 


Parenthesis.. . 


() 


Brackets 


[] 



Applause 


r 


Laughter 

Dash. 


• ? 


Caret 


A 


Index 


X^ 


Paragraph 


(I 


Section 


k 


Asterisk 


•X- 


Dagger 


t 


Double Dagger. 


X 



certain signs distinguished. 
85. Sometimes it may be necessary in writing to distinguish 
cei-tain letters that generally may safely be written with the 
same sign. Thus, the circle may be shaded a little on one side 
to represent z; thus, /C^ laws instead of C loss. The circle 
may be shaded on one side to represent zz ; thus, ^ raises in- 
stead of ^ races. The small loop may be shaded to repre- 
sent zd ; thus, ^ raised instead of ^f raced. The /-hook 
may be shaded when it represents 'o ; thus, ^^^^ prove instead 
of A;^,- proof. The sTin-'hodk. may be shaded to represent 
zhn ; thus, (^^ evasion. The ^r-hook may be shaded to repre- 
sent dr ; thus, ^ rider instead of <^ writer. An norf hook 
on a half length sign, may be shaded to indicate that d is 
added by the halving ; thus, ^ pained instead of -^ paint. The 
above means of distinction should seldom be resorted to in 
rapid writing, but when the distinction is necessary to legibil- 
ity, it should be done by change of outline. 

exercise XII. 

Hap, happy, hop, hope, heap, hip, hoop, whoop, hoopoe ; hob, 
hub ; half, huff, hoof; have, halve, hive, hove, heave. Hopped, 
3 



60 PHONOGKAPHIC HAITD-BOOK. 

hoped, heaped, hipped, hooped ; hubbed ; haft, huffed, hoofed ; 
halved, hived, heaved. Hapless, haply, habitance, habitant, 
habitation, habituate, habited, habitual, habitually, habituated, 
happen, happened, happiness, half-and-half, half-breed. Hath, 
heath. Perhaps, Alhambra, Ingraham, Graham, Abraham, up- 
heave, behoof, be-have, behoove, unhitch, unhinge, Jehovah, 
topheavy, tomahawk. The stem hay is, however, better than 
the dot-sign in such words as hobble, hover, heavily, hopper. 



GEOUP VOWELS ASD THEIR SIGNS. 51 



CHAPTER XII. 
GROUP VOWELS AKD THEIR SIGKS. 

GENERAL REMARKS. 

86. There are but four proper diphthongs recognized in our 
language, and the signs of these have been ah'eady given in Chap- 
ter II. paragraph 10. We have, however, many other double 
vowels that do not come strictly within the definition of proper 
diphthongs, but Tvhich are yet so like them in their nature, and 
are of such frequent occurrence in words, that it has been found 
convenient to represent them in a similar manner, and to give 
them signs that may be made without taking off the pen. 

87. These double sounds differ from the close or proper diph- 
thongs in having a less intimate connection of their components ; 
they may, therefore, be termed 02)e7i or iMproper diphthongs. 

88. The degree of intimacy with which these double sounds 
coalesce varies in different words. Sometimes they approach 
very nearly to the character of close diphthongs, as, for in- 
stance, the sounds of ah-i in the word ape (yes), or oo-i in Louis, 
etc. ; while in other words the two concurrent vowels are en- 
tirely severed, as aJi-i in hurr«Amg, oo-t in Qoomg, etc. When, 
however, the primary accent of the word falls upon the second 
of the two vowel-sounds, as in deistic^ the most complete sepa- 
ration occurs, and they cease in any degree to resemble proper 
diphthongs, except in the fact that they are two vowels pro- 
nounced in succession, with no consonant intervening. 

89. It will also be seen that in all of the double vowels of the 
first table, whether they are close or open diphthongs, the short 
sound I is one of the elements, being united, either initially or 
finally, with some one of the other vowel-sounds of the scale, 
as well as with another t sound ; and that in all of the double 
vowels of the second table, the short sound do is united with 
the other vowels in a similar manner. 

90. The improper diphtJiongs in the first table are repre- 



52 PHONOGRAPHIC HAND-BOOK. 

sented by small angular characters, which are written to the 
consonant-stem in the position of the distinguishing vow*^l, 
or the vowel with which the sound t is joined. The first or 
second stroke of the sign is made heavy, according as the 
first or second yowel is lojig. The signs representing the 
dot-vowels in combination with i open upward and downward^ 
while those representing the dash-vowels so combined, open to 
the right and left. In the table below, at the right of each sign 
are placed the letters that represent its two sounds ; and under 
the sign is given a word in which they are heard. We have 
not been able to find any English word containing the double 
sounds u-t, as represented at No. 17, and some of the others 
occur very rarely ; but they, together with the proper diph- 
thong, I, oi, ow, and ew, have been inserted in their appro- 
priate places in order to make a complete exhibit of the scheme 
of double-vowel signs. The learner will observe that the com- 
pound i-t has given to it two signs, Nos. 6 and 13. These are 
so exhibited, because the mode of constructing the scale gives 
such a result ; but, as in practice only one sign would be requir- 
ed for those sounds, the sign No. 13 may be invariably used for 
them, and No. 6 used for the diphthong i when it will be more 
convenient than its proper sign. No. 4, of the first position. 
The diphthong ew has also two signs, Nos. 31 and 34, the first 
representing the sound of the diphthong in accented, and the 
latter in unaccented syllables ; but in ordinary practice, No. 34 
is employed in all cases, whether the syllable be accented or 
not. This last diphthong has probably perplexed lexicogra- 
phers and phoneticians more than any other sound in the lan- 
guage. When properly pronounced, its first element is very 
short, the organs merely taking the position to sound the close 
vowel e, and then, the instant the sound commences, passing to 
the position of the final element oo, upon which the voice rests 
a much longer space of time. Its first element sometimes, how- 
ever, is the short sound of i in it. The former sound is heard 
in the word opportune, and the latter in misfortune. By bear- 
ing in mind that the double-vowel signs are arranged in the 
precise order of the scale of simple vowels, the learner will be 
greatly aided in committing them to memory. 



GEOUP VOWELS AND THEIR SIGNS. 



53 



FIRST TABLE OF DOUBLE-VOWEL SIGNS. 

Dot -Vowels. 

2. 3. 4. 5. ( 



^i ah-i, 


vj d-t, 


J^-t, ^ia-t(i), 


vj e-?, 


vi^-^w 


hurmAmg 


saying, 


s^emg, i", 


hyg^st. 




7. 


8. 


9. 10. 


11. 


12- 


""i i-a/t, 


Ai i-d, 


^: z-e, '^i i-a, 


a; l-e, 


aI ^-^ 


/ago, 


opmte, 


liyg^ne, manmc, 
i>(Zs7A - Vowels. 


car^^e^, 


carrj/mg. 


13. 


14. 


15. 16. 


17. 


18. 


^i aw-t, 


<| o4, 


^i <?6>-l, ""i 0-1(01) 


<i w-t, 


J ^^-^ 


sawing, 


going. 


doing, oil, 




'Bedouins, 


19. 


20. 


21. 22. 


23. 


24. 


"*: t-aw, 


>; 1-0, 


^; i-(?(?(Ew), ^; t-o, 


>: l-U, 


J Z-OO(EW) 


carr^-all, 


ol2i?, 


dwlj, idz<?m, 


YMioUS,, 


rescM€. 


Examples : ^ 


opiate, '^;- officiate, ,^~^^^ 


^ maniac 



' Xi- Arabia, ^''~']yi Ontario, --|^- idiom. 

91. It is not imperative that tlie double signs be used ; the 
double vowels may be correctly represented by the simple signs 
of their elements, written to the consonants in accordance with 
the principles laid down in Chapter II. ; thus, we may write 
<- or • -••3- for cooing, = or =^^ for c 



TREBLE VOWEL-SIGNS. 

92. When the vowel-sound i precedes the proper diphthongs 
I, 01, and ow, it may be represented by an initial tick ; thus, 

"^i t-i, ^\ t-oi, A; z-ow. 

Examples : ■-(^- genii, ^~^ Hoineoye. 

93. When the vowel-sound % follows one of the four proper 
diphthongs, it may be represented by a final tick ; thus. 



Examples: ^-w^ vieing, 
yCrrr^^. renewing, .A. dewy 



annoying, 



avowing^ 



54 PHONOGRAPHIC HAND-BOOK. 

SAME SIGN USED FOR OTHER DOUBLE OR TREBLE TOWELS. 

94. Kg confusion will result in reading if the above series of 
signs are also sometimes used to represent such double or treble 
vowels as are composed of an accented long- vowel or diph- 
thong, and any short vowel, except 66 ; thus, sign No. 14 may- 
be employed for o-e in ^^ Owen. In like manner, sign No. 8 
may be used for ed in creator^ No. 22 for eo in theology, No. 3 
for ta in theater, etc. 

95. When more convenient, the signs opening to the right 
and left may be inclined a little from the horizontal ; thus, 
'': oi, ^\ 10, ^: oi-t, as in the words 5:. '^oid, X._^ drawing^ 
_J^ showy, '•'<ji' folio, '^. . boyish. Care must be taken, however, 
not to incline them so much that they will be liable to be mis- 
taken for those opening upward and downward. 

96. A similar scale of double vowels may be constructed, in 
which the basic sound is the vowel 66, but it is of little practi- 
cal value in writing English, as most of the sounds are seldom 
if ever heard in our language. Some of them, however, are 
of veiy frequent occurrence in several foreign languages, and, 
therefore, it is proper that signs should here be given them. 
The most convenient, unappropriated sign for double vowels is 
a small crescent-shaped character, which, being turned in four 
different directions, and made both shaded and light for long and 
short vowels, and written to the consonant-stem in three posi- 
tions, will give twenty-four distinct signs. And if this scheme 
were constructed precisely on the same plan as the other, these 
signs would be used to represent the following twenty-four 
double sounds : ah-66, d-oo, d-o6, e-66, e-6d, x-oo, aw-66, o-oOy 
0-00, u-6o, 0O-66, 66-00; 66-ah, 66-d, 06-d, 66-e, 66-e, 66-1, 66-aWy 
66-6, 66-0, 66-u, 66-00, 66-66. Now, of the first twelve of these 
sounds, only three, namely, e-66, t-66, and 6-66, are used ; and 
as those have already been provided with double signs, we 
may exclude the whole twelve from any further representa- 
tion. This, then, will give us twenty-four characters for the 
twelve remaining double-sounds — two signs for each, as shown 
in the following scale : 



GROUP VOWELS AND THEIR SIGNS. 55 

SECOND TABLE OP DOUBLE VOWELS. 



Dot -Vowels. 




\ oo-dj : : do-e, \ oo-d^ u 


^■, OO-S, : :' 


Dash - Vowels. 




\ OO-O, ': '; 00-00, ' : ^ i 00-0, 3 


cj Od-U, J J 



; od-ahy ^: 



97. These signs may sometimes be used with a semi-conso- 
nantal value to represent the frequent English combination of 
w with a succeeding vowel. Simple initial w may be written 
also with this character, made uniformly light, and joined to 
the next stem ; thus, j) wash. And, by always using the sign 
with its opening upward or downward, when a dot-vowel in- 
tervenes, and with the opening to the right or left when it is a 
dash-vowel, the outlines would need no actual vocalization to be 

perfectly legible ; thus, "^ waft, — winter, \_ wove. This 

sign for w should, however, be sparingly used, it being gener- 
ally better to employ the stem way, except when it forms an in- 
distinct angle, or difficult junction, with the stem that follows 
it ; as, for instance in the outlines way-ef, way-me, way-chay, 
way-jay, way-ish, way-tee-d, way-dee-d, etc. This brief sign for 
initial w may also be used, when necessary, to distinguish 
between different words that contain the same consonants ; 
thus, ^' awake, ^ wake. ^ woke. 

EXERCISE XIII. 

Hurrahing, naivete ; payee, wheyish, weighing, saying, pay- 
ing, baying, obeying, neighing, laying, allaying, arraying, clayey, 
laity, gayety, grayish ; being, seeing, feeing, deify, deity, deist, 
keying, ^neid, albeit, agreeing ; hygeist ; lago, Guiana ; Hiero, 
opiate, apiary, aviary, palliate, foliage, ferriage, variate, deviate, 
create ; hygiene, alliene, minutiae ; area, cassia, acacia, alluvia, 
alias, piazza, mania, filial, mammalia, malaria, menial, maniac, 
ethereal, labial, lineal, elegiac, Paphia, Pavia, Miami, Ethiopia, 
lanthe, Lybia, Eliab, Livia, Olivia, Arabia, Ophelia, Amelia, 
Delia, Adelia, dahlia, Gallia, Peoria, Iberia, Assyria, Celia, 
^olian, Lydia, Iliad, India, Belial, Boreas, Hibernia, Liberia ; 
Dieppe, weightier, easier, Vienna, Henrietta, Harriet, Abdiel, 



56 PHONOGRAPHIC HAND-BOOK. 

barrier, carrier, biennial, farrier, Daniel, collier, currier, courier, 
audience ; bullying, ferrying, valleying, varying, tallying, dally- 
ing, lobbying, marrying, envying ; awing, sawing, pawing, 
thawing, chawing, jawing, cawing, lawing, drawing; owing, 
doughy, going, showy, Hoey, mowing, lowing, knowing, show- 
ish, showing, echoing, towing, billowy, flowy, yellowish, snowy, 
snowish, growing. Bowie-knife, orthoepy, heroic ; doing, woo- 
ing, Louis, shoeing, cooing, looing, shrewish, rueing, Louisa, 
tattooing ; Bedouins ; carryall ; iota, olio, Ionia, Ethiopia, cameo, 
bagnio, Borneo, tapioca, folio, nuncio ; idiom, onion, union, 
idiot, Baliol, ideology, Theodosia, Theodore, Albion, Gibeon, 
Gideon; various, opium ; alluvium, omnium, encomium, Fabius, 
tedious, dubious, Thaddeus, Lucius, Orpheus, radius, erroneous, 
Julius, curious. 

Fabii, Genii, Honeoye. 

Eying, buying, vying, dying, lying, allying, sighing, defying, 
frying, drying, crying ; boyish, t03'ish, toying, annoying, joy- 
ing, coyish, moiety, enjoying ; bowing, vowing, avowing, allow- 
ing, cow-itch ; dewy, hewing, viewing, newish, chewing, gluey, 
annuity, vacuity, arguing. 

Theology, belayer, te-deum, Bilboa, Judea, ^gean, peon, 
Boaz, poesy, chaos, ^neas, cocoa, theory, idea, weigher, wooer, 
Noah, Owen, poem, towage, ideal, Joel, Osceola, mayor, doer, 
assayer ; diet, Naiad, riot, showery. Bowery, nigher ; Uriah, 
Ahaziah, diem, fuel, vial, viol, vowel, avowal, towel, jewel, 
buyer, fewer, bower, avower. 

Waif, wife, waft, wafts, wafting, wave, waves, wove, weave, 
watch, watched, wage, waged, wash, washed, wedded, weed- 
ed, waited. Such words, however, as waffle, weevil, weaver, 
watcher, wager, washer, waiter, etc., are better written wititi 
the stem way. 



WOED-SIGNS. 



57 



CHAPTER XIII. 



WORD-SIGNS. 

98. The following is a list of the principal word-signs 
used in Phonography. Opposite each phonograph is a brace 
in which are printed the words represented by the phono- 
graph ; words that are written with the sign placed in the 
first position, being placed in the upper part of the brace ; 
those written with it in the second position, being placed in the 
middle ; and those written with it in the third position, being 
placed in the lower part. Some words are printed with i hy- 
phen ; thus, give-n, different-ce ; to intimate that the sign writ- 
ten in that position may be used to represent both give and 
given^ different and difference. When several words of the same 
position are represented by the same sign, they are such words 
as from practical experience are found not to conflict when so 
written, the context always readily showing which is intended. 



-I 



can, counsel 
come, Co. 
could, kingdom 

j because 
I comes, Co.'s 



( Christianity 
( Christian 
( inscribe 



( accord-ing-ly 



- \ 



( quality-ify 
-< question 
( equal 



G. 



-1 



go 

gave 

given 



glory 



( degree 
i language 



3* 



68 



/ 
/ 



PHONOGBAPHIO HAND-BOOE:. 
T. 



wliat 



circumstaiice 



■| truth 



[ between 



(had 
\ do, dei 
( did, di 



defendant 
different-ce 



( delivery 

( doctor 
< wonder 
( during 

( advance 

-j develope-ment 

( difficult-y 

c^. 

( charge 
■j change 
( which 



( children 
J. 



( large 
/ -j advantage 



/ 

/ 
/ 



\ 

\ 



\ 



\ 



% 



\ 



largely 
angel 



( larger 
•< danger 

igeneral-ly 
rehgion 

i gentleman 
gentlemen 



( part-y, patent 
•J plaintiff 
( opportunity. 



( people 

( practice 
•< perfect-ion 
( principle-al 



particular 

B. 

object 
but, object 

i belong-ing 
( believe-f 

•j number 



•j before 





WORD-SIGUS. 






SH. 




V. 


) -( 


shall, wash 


1 


have, halve 
ever 


y ^ 


should, wish 




over 




ZH. 


e ■ 


every, very 




casual-ly 






J 


pleasure 
usual-ly 




NG. 

( lon^, along 
\ among 


J 


-j measure 




( thing 
longer 




z. 


^^ 


■ hunger 




(was 




( 


) 


( these 

TH. 




r own 




( thank-ed, hath 




any 


( 


4 worth 
( think 

DH. 


-- 


C entire 




(that 




M. 


( 


} them 




( from, time 




(with 


^-^ 


^ member, home 




( other 




( 


c 


\ 






\ 


I 

F. 


^ 


\ mercy 
(Mr. 




( form, half 




L. 


y^ 


■|for 




( 




( 


r 


-^well 
( will-ing 


v^ 


) Phonography 




R. 


Vo 


- formation 


-^ 


)her 
( here-ar 



59 



PHONOGEAPHIC HAND-BOOK. 



r 



iour 
were, where, recollect 
here-ar 



he, him 
who-m 



Y. 

( beyond 
4 yet, young 
( you-r, year 



r 



"^ 



^ 



younger 



W. 

( why, without 
< when 
( would 

( while 
■< wealth-y 



CIRCLES AND VOWEL-SIGNS. 



ias, has 
self 
is, his 

•j selves 

(ah 

< aye [meaning * ever'] 

( the [emphatic] 

( an, and 

]^ 
(the 



awe 

owe, oh ! O 



awes 
owes 



I, eye 



aye [meaning ' yes'] 



'now' and 'new.' 
99. JEn is the only consonant-sound of so large a number of 
words, that it becomes necessary to increase their legibility by 
making a somewhat arbitrary distinction in the case of the 
two words Jiow and new ; the first being written with the firet 
stroke of the sign ow joined* finally to the stem, and the other 
with the last stroke of ew joined also at the end; thus, 
^ 7WW. ...... new. 



61 



CHAPTER XIY. 

AFFIXES. 



100. The prefixes are written as follows : 

1. Con, com, cog, or cum — hj a light dot written near the 
beginning of the remainder of the word ; thus, j content^ 

\ complain, -^^-^ cognomen, "V^ cumbersome. "When pre- 
ceded by a consonant, either in the same word or the preced- 
ing word, either of Ciese prefixes may be indicated by writing 
the remainder of the word near, and sometimes a little under, 
the preceding consonant-stem J thus, ? inconstant, y^-^ rec- 
ommend, "~'^- incognito, '^-^s, incumbent, (^ they complained. 
The reporter frequently joins these stems, omitting the prefix 
entirely; thus, I- instead of (j for accommodation, ■■■^^j^^- in- 
stead of x^^^_ for incomplete, or in complete. 

2. For, fore — bye/* written near, or joined to, the remainder 
of the word ; thus, ^^ foreknowledge, '^-i forever. 

3. Magna, magne, magni — by em written partially over the 
remainder of the word ; thus, '^^^-^ magnanimous, \ ._ mag- 
netic, *v_ magnify. 

4. Self — by the word-sign for self written in its proper posi- 
tion on the line, and joined to the remainder of the word ; thus, 

■-^-selfish. ..^,^^.. self -evident. 

5. With — by the stem dhee joined to the remainder of the 

word; thus, \.. withdraw. 

SUFFIXES. 

101. The suffixes are written as follows : 

1. Ble or Ely — by the stem bee joined when it can not con- 
veniently be written by bee-l ; thus, '^— \ sensible-y, r^N^ prof- 
iiable-y. 

3. Bleness — by Jee-« detached ; thus, .^\« profitableiiess. 



62 PHONOGKAPHIC HAND-BOOK. 

3. Ever — ^by tlie/-liook; thus, [ whatever, -^- wJiicTiever. 

4. FuL — by the /-hook; thus, .^-^ careful, / joyful. 

5. Fulness — by ^/-s detached ; thus, ..l^.. dmibtfulrcess. 

6. Lessness — ^by lees detached thus, ^ carelessness. 

7. Ing — by a light dot at the end of the preceding part of the 
word, when it can not conveniently be expressed by the stem 
ing ; thus, \ petting, .^. meeting. The plural ings may be 
expressed by either a lieavy dot or two light ones ; thus. 
.^.. or v^v meetings. 

8. Mental, mentality — by ew-w^ written near the end of the 
preceding part of the word ; thus, f^ instrumental-ity, \^ fun- 
damental-ity. 

9. Ology — hjjap joined to, or disjoined and written partially 
imder, the preceding part of the word, wnen it can not as con- 
veniently be written in full; thus, V.. physiology. 

10. Self — by the word-sign for self, joined to the preceding 
part of the word ; thus, ^'~^ myself -.1-- itself. 

11. Selves — by the word-sign for selves, joined to the preced- 
ing part of the word ; thus, (^ themselves. 

12. Ship — by the stem ish written near, or joined to, the pre- 
ceding part of the word ; thus, O* lordship, y:-^___ partnership. 

13. Soever — by s-vee j oined to the preceding part of the word ; 
thus, L whatsoever. 

OMISSION OP SLIGHTLY ENUNCIATED CONSONANTS. 

102. The signs of slightly or imperfectly enunciated conso- 
nants may generally be omitted from the outlines of words 
without impairing their legibility ; therefore, it is generally safe 
to omit the signs of — 

1. K — between the sounds of m^ and tee, ish, ess, or see; thus 
"^■^ sanctify, "O sanction, ^ anxiety. 

2. A T sound — at the end of a syllable immediately after the 
€ss-circle, when the next syllable begins with a stem-sign ; thus. 

^^ postpone. 

3. P — between the sounds of em and Jcay, tee, ish, or ess; 
thus, \-^-^._, pumpkin, [^ tempt, ■)j^ assumption^ ■■ 



AFFIXES. 63 

When it is necessary to distinguish md from mpt^ it should 
be written with the fall stem-signs ; thus, (j^ 
, thumbed. 



^' 



4. An S sound — at the end of a syllable, when the next 
syllable commences with the sound of isk, or of another ess ; 
thus, O. misshape, ^^. misstate. 

EXERCISE XIV. 

Concomitant, concoct, concoction, concave, concrete, concur, 
concussion, congratulate, congregate, congregation. Congress, 
contact, contagion, contain, contemn, contend, content, conten- 
tion, contest, contraband, condemn, congestion, confident, con- 
scious, commerce, commercial ; complain, complex, cumbrance, 
cognomen, cognate, cognition ; incompatible, incompetent, en- 
compassed, incomplete, uncompromising, incomprehensive, en- 
cumbered, incumbrance, incumbent, uncombined, unconfined, 
imconvinced, incontestable, uncontrolled, uncontented, uncon- 
ditional, inconstant, unconscious, incongruous, irrecognizable, 
irreconcilable, recognition, recognize, recombine, recommend, 
recommit, recommission, recompense, recompose, reconcile, re- 
conciled, reconciliation, recondite, reconsider, reconsideration, 
reconstruct, reconvey, decompose, decomposition, decompound, 
discomfit, discomfiture, discomfort, discommode, discompose, 
disconcert, discontent, discontinue, discontinuation, unreconcil- 
able, incognito, circumambient, circumference, circumflex, cir- 
cumjacent, circumlocution, circumnavigate, circumscribe, cir- 
cumspect, circumvent, circumvolve. 

Forbade, forbear, forbearance, forbid, forever, forbode, fore- 
close, forefather, foreground, forehead, forejudge, foreknown, 
forepart, foretaste, forethought, forewarn, forfeit, forfeiture, for- 
sake, forsooth, forward. 

Magna Charta, magnanimity, magnanimous, magnanimously, 
magnesia, magnesian, magnesium, magnetic, magnetician, mag- 
netism, magnetize. Magnificat, magnificence, magnificent, mag- 
nify, magnitude. 

Self-abasement, self-approving, self-assumed, self - pleasing, 
self-praise, self-love, self-evident, self-important, self-dependent, 



64 PHONOGEAPHIC HAND-BOOK. 

self-determined, self-deceived, self-destruction, self-esteem, self- 
interest, self-knowledge, selfish. 

Withal, withdraw, withdrawal, withdrawn, withdrawing, 
withhold, withheld, withholder, within, withstand, withstood. 

Demandable, compoundable, pardonable, fashionable, unfash- 
ionable, actionable, lamentable, accountable, unaccountable, 
surmountable, vincible, invincible, irascible, defensible, inde- 
fensible, reprehensible, sensible, insensible, responsible ; flexi- 
bly, sensibly, insensibly, forcibly. 

Applicableness, amicableness, despicableness, serviceable- 
ness, agreeableness, salableness, movableness, affableness, teach- 
ableness, sociableness, justifiableness, pliableness, amiableness, 
variableness, reasonableness, seasonableness, capableness, cul- 
pableness, considerableness, durableness, profitableness, suit- 
ableness, acceptableness, allowableness, invincibleness, forcible- 
ness, credibleness, terribleness, sensibleness, plausibleness, cor- 
ruptibleness. 

Whenever, whoever, soever, wherever, whatever, however, 
whichever. 

Gleeful, vengeful, revengeful, wakeful, shameful, blameful, 
careful, ireful, wrongful, wishful, wrathful, faithful, mirthful, 
slothful, mouthful, youthful, thankful, skillful, wonderful, cheer- 
ful, powerful, lawful, sorrowful, joyful. 

Dreadfulness, gladfulness, heedfulness, mindfulness, peace- 
fulness, gracefulness, wakefulness, dolefulness, hopefulness, 
carefulness, usefulness, hatefulness, gratefulness, spitefulness, 
wastefulness, bashfulness, faithfulness, pitifulness, plentifulness, 
bountifulness, dutifulness, unthankfulness, harmfulness, man- 
fulness, painfulness, sinfulness, fearfulness, cheerfulness, power- 
fulness, doubtfulness, fretfulness, delightfulness, frightfulness, 
deceitfulness, fruitfulness, artlessness, hurtfulness, joyfulness. 

Heedlessness, needlessness, endlessness, boundlessness, re- 
gardlessness, groundlessness, blamelessness, shamelessness, care- 
lessness, matchlessness, worthlessness, recklessness, thankful- 
ness, harmlessness, fearlessness, thoughtlessness, guiltlessness, 
dauntlessness. 

Patting, pouting, petting, pitting, putting, batting, biting, 
bating, betting, beating, chatting, cheating, jotting, jetting, jut- 



AFFIXES. 65 

ting, shouting, shutting, meeting, letting, trotting, trading, 
treacling, treating, dreading, plotting, plighting, applauding, 
plating, pleading, blotting, bloating, bleating, bleeding, build- 
ing, braiding, boarding, breeding, brooding, shrouding ; chant- 
ing, jointing ; adapting, outbidding, debating, admitting, limit- 
ing, gibbeting, adopting, debiting ; spotting, spiting, spouting, 
spading, spitting, speeding, smiting, smutting, sliding. Beat- 
ings, meetings, pleadings, bleatings. 

Fundamental, ligamental, ornamental, sacramental, elemen- 
tal, supplemental, rudimental, regimental, complimental, argu- 
mental, detrimental, monumental, instrumental. Instrument- 
ality. 

Theology, phraseology, osteology, archaiology, ornithology, 
anthology, mythology, physiology, philology, chronology, as- 
trology, zoology, nosology, tautology, cryptology, doxology, 
ichthyology. 

Himself, herself, ourself, itself, thyself, myself Ourselves, 
themselves. 

Friendship, hardship, wardship, stewardship, lordship, king- 
ship, clerkship, guardianship, horsemanship, workmanship, 
township, scholarship, partnership, copartnership, courtship, 
fellowship, ladyship. 

Wheresoever, whichsoever, whomsoever, whensoever, what- 
soever, howsoever. 

Clanked, flanked, planked, ranked, cranked, inked, linked, 
clinked, interlinked, winked, slunked, sanctify, sanctity, sanc- 
tion, distinction, extinction, unction, function, junction, sub- 
junction, injunction, conjunction, disjunction, compunction, 
anxiety. 

Priestly, priest-like, postmaster, postmark, postdate, postpaid, 
post-office, postpone, pasteboard, breast-plate, breast-pin, breast- 
bone, breastwork, boastful, beastly, firstborn, mistrustful, testa- 
ment, testimony, tasteful, tasteless, text-book, trustful, trustless, 
dustpan, dustman, restless, untasteful. 

Tompkins, pumpkin, bumpkin, humped, pumped, vamped, 
damped, dumped, thumped, limpt, lumped, ramped, romped, 
champed, jumped, camped, swamped, slumped, stamped, 
stumped, clamped, trumped, crimped, cramped, scrimped. 



66 PHONOGRAPHIC HAND-BOOK. 

Emption, pre-emption, exemption, resumption, presumption, 
consumption, assumption, redemption ; prompter, tempter, 
Sumpter. Imps, hemps, humps, pimps, pomps, pumps, bumps, 
vamps, mumps, damps, dumps, thumps, lamps, hmps, lumps, 
ramps, romps, champs, chumps, jumps, camps, swamps, slumps, 
scamps, stamps, stumps, plumps, clamps, clumps, glimpse, 
primps, tramps, trumps, shrimps, crimps, cramps, crumps, 
scrimps ; glimpsed. 

Misspell, misspelt, misspelled, misspelling, misstate, misstate- 
ment, misstated, misstating, miscitation. Misshape, misshapen. 



HINTS FOK THE LEAENER. 67 



CHAPTER XV. 

HINTS FOR THE LEARNER. 

103. Most of the principles of abbreviation do not come within 
the meaning of the tenn " Elements" of Phonography, and if 
they were treated of at all, would require more space than 
could be given them in a work of this kind. The principles of 
Phraseography, which is perhaps the most attractive feature 
of Phonography, belong especially to the studies of the re- 
porter, and have no place here. We can not refrain, however, 
from giving a few illustrations to show what a wonderful meant: 
of abbreviation this grouping of the consonants of phrases is. 
The following are taken from the illustrations in " The Com 
plete Phonographer," under the head of " Phraseography :" 
*) as so, ^ soas,^ has said, - ---- - gives us, ^ as Ms, -a,- is as, ^ as 

it, ^ as it is, '^ has there been, as there is, \ by all, q^ among 
all, \ by our, ly were we, ^_ can you, [ out of, (^ they have, 

.../f.. you and, y^ rather than, ^ can there, -^ ^ know their, 

' at the, ^ has not, ^^ can all their, ••/,• which will have the, 
U do you mean to say, \ has had, ( as to them, ^ do you 
have, K^ I suppose, ^'~^ I am, . ,^_^^^^_,^^^ . in a moment, '^-—^ I 
will have no. 

104. Phonography is best written on ruled paper ; and some 
recommend double lines, but the ordinary single-line ruling is 
generally preferred by practical phonographers. If double lines 
are preferred, they should be about one eighth of an inch apart. 
The distance, however, between the top line of one set and the 
top line of another should be equal to the space between the lines 
of ordinary single-ruled paper. We will send such paper to any 
address by mail. The learner should accustom himself to, write 
with either pen or pencil, holding it the same as in writing 
longhand. The pen should have a smooth and tolerably fine 



.68 PHONOGRAPHIC HAND-BOOK. 

point, and may be either gold, steel, or quill. Very fine liair 
lines are found in practice not to be the most legible, especially 
when reading or transcribing notes at night. If a pencil be 
used, Faber's 'No. 2 or 3 is of about the right hardness. 

105. No effort should be made by the learner at the outset to 
write with rapidity. Accuracy alone should be aimed at ; and 
when his hand has become accustomed to trace the phono- 
graphic characters with correctness and elegance, he will find 
no difficulty in writing them quickly. But if he let his anxiety 
to write fast overcome his resolution to write well, he will not 
only be longer in attaining real swiftness, but will always have 
to lament the illegibility of his writing. Each phonograph 
should be drawn slowly, great care being taken to give it its 
proper direction^ sliading^ and length. Beginners are apt to give 
fbp curved signs a little twist or flourish at the end, and also to 
ui cline the perpendicular stems a little to the right, — defects 
aat should be carefully avoided. The writing exercises in this 
Dook have been carefully selected, so that no word will be 
found which involves principles not previously explained. 
They should be carefully and repeatedly written, in connection 
with the sections which relate to them. The learner should 
also scrupulously avoid writing any words except those that he 
finds in the exercises, or even writing words that are there 
given, but which are in advance of his regular lesson. By so 
doing he will save himself much unnecessary discouragement, 
and escape the annoyance of having afterward to unlearn, or 
forget, improper word-forms. 

lOG. At first the phonographs should be made about one sixth 

of an inch in length, or, for example, about the size of kay^ 

I tee, V_ ef, ^ zee, . ^ ing. But after considerable proficiency 

is attained, they may, with advantage, be reduced to about one 
eighth of an inch. The phonographic illustrations throughout 
this book are models in every respect for the advanced writer, 

107. In making tlie heavy curved signs, care should be taken 
not to shade them at or near the end ; they should be shaded 
in the middle only, and taper off toward each extremity, other- 
wise they will present a clumsy appearance. And both straight 
and curved heavy signs should only be shaded sufficiently to 



HINTS FOE THE LEAKNER. 69 

distinguish them from the corresponding light signs. If there 
be too great a contrast between the heavy and light lines, the 
writing will appear stiff and ungraceful. The distance from 
point to point of any curved sign should be about equal to the 
length of a straight sign written in the same direction. 

108. The learner will find that it will very materially contrib- 
ute to the acquirement of an exact and legible hand, if he will 
spend considerable time in practicing on the different combina- 
tions of consonant forms, particularly those which offer unusual 
diflBculties. 

109. The rapidity of phonographic writing, like that of the 
common script, must vary with the organism of the writer. 
Expert phonographers generally write about six times as fast 
in Phonography as in longhand. 

110. It will greatly facilitate the acquirement of Phonography 
if the exercises written by the learner are carefully read and 
re-read by him until they can be deciphered without hesitation. 
The consequences of omission in this respect are admirably 
stated by Mr. Dickens in the 38th chapter of " David Copper- 
field," which may be read with both instruction and amuse- 
ment 

111. The first great requisite of the professional reporter is 
speed — the ability to follow a rapid speaker and catch and con- 
vey to paper every word that he utters. The average rate of 
public speaking is about 120 words per minute. Some very 
deliberate speakers do not go beyond 80 or 90 words per min- 
ute ; while others articulate 180, or more. But there are very 
few, however slow may be their usual rate of utterance, who 
do not occasionally speak at the rate of 140 or 150 words per 
minute ; and no phonographer should consider himself compe- 
tent to report, with certainty, even a moderate speaker, until 
he can write at this rate. 

112. As to the length of time required to attain this speed, 
very much will, of course, depend on the natural talent of the 
writer and the amount of time he is willing to devote daily to 
Ihe task. The average amount of time necessary to qualify a 
tolerably expert writer to follow a speaker at the rate of 140 to 
150 words per minute, is from ten to twelve months by practic- 



70 PHONOGRAPHIC HAND-BOOK. 

ing two hours a day. It will generally be found an easy task 
to increase the rate of speed from 100 to 140 or 150 words ; but 
to go beyond this, much labor will be required, and the pro- 
gress will be less perceptible. 

113. The two most important questions that generally sug- 
gest themselves to one who is about commencing the study of 
Phonography, are the following : 

First. " Shall I be likely to find employment as a shorthand 
writer when I have acquired the art ; and if so, in what way ?" 

Second. " Can Phonography be learned from books, without 
the aid of a teacher ?" 

To these questions we reply : 

ANSWER TO THE FIKST QrESTION. 

114. Any answer to the first must, of course, be a general one. 
It is an encouraging fact that within the last ten or twelve years 
the demand for shorthand writers has steadily increased in ad- 
vance of the supply ; and that no young man who is a good 
phonographer, T\Tites a good legible longhand, and has a fair 
practical knowledge of Enghsh grammar and composition, need 
fear remaining very long unemployed, provided he goes to work 
in the right way. It is a common thing for young phonogra- 
phers, in search of employment, to go to some large city, make 
application at all the daily newspaper offices, and then if unsuc- 
cessful, which is generally the case, go home disappointed and 
discouraged. The mistake arises from their supposing that the 
chief, or any considerable part, of the shorthand work that is 
done, is done for the newspapers. Where one shorthand re- 
porter finds employment on the press, a dozen are employed in 
furnishing reports of law proceedings, of one kind or another, for 
the use of the litigants, and not for publication. Many more 
are employed as amanuenses in public, business, and law offices, 
so that the surest way for a newly-fledged phonographer to get 
work is to go to some town where there are courts sitting and 
considerable business done — the larger the town the better — 
and seek it among the lawyers at the courts ; and, if there hap- 
pen to be any law reporters in the place, of them also. And 
the newspapers need not be passed by. The winter and spring 



HINTS FOK THE LEAKNER. Yl 

months, say from the latter part of November to June, are the 
busiest months with reporters, and this is of course the best 
season to look for reporting. About the first of January, when 
the different State Legislatures are meeting, there is often a 
great demand for reporters. In most of the courts throughout 
the State of New York official stenographers are employed, 
under Section 256 of the Code ; and at the present time (March, 
1867) there is a bill before the Legislature of Pennsylvania to 
make a similar provision for the courts of that State. And 
doubtless many other States will soon follow. 

AKSWER TO THE SECOND QUESTION. 

115. The best answer we can give to the second question 
is the following : 

"We, the undersigned phonographic writers and reporters, 
do hereby certify that we acquired a full knowledge of the 
art of Phonography without the aid of any oral teacher." 
(Signed by) JAMES L. CROSBY, Official Stenographer, Su- 
preme Court; JAMES E. MUNSON, Official Stenographer, 
Surrogate's Court of New York ; J. A. MACLAUCHLAN, 
Stenographer, 121 Nassau Street, New York ; HENRY M. 
PARKHURST, Stenographer, 121 Nassau Street, New York ; 
CHARLES E. WILBOUR, Official Stenographer, Superior 
Court; GEORGE H. STOUT, Stenographer, 2i. T. Tribune; 
JOHN P. FOLEY, Stenographer, N. Y. Tribune; JOHN P. 
JACKSON, Stenographer, Fowler & Wells ; DAYH) B. MEL- 
LISH, Stenographer to Commissioners Metropolitan Police ; 
ANDREW DEVINE, Stenographer, 39 Park Row, New York ; 
D. C. McEWEN, Private Secretary to the U. S. Secretary of 
State ; M. A. CLANCY, Phonographic Reporter and Teacher, 
Washmgton, D. C. 



rp TT -p 

COMPLETE PHOTOGRAPHER. 



Being an Inductive Exposition of Phonography, with its Appli- 
cation to all Branches of Reporting, and affording the fullest 
Instruction to those who have not the Assistance of an Oral 
Teacher. Also intended as a School-Book. By James E. 
MuNsoN, Official Stenographer to the Surrogate's Court of 
New York. 

This work, which has occupied in its preparation almost the 
entire leisure time, for three years, of one of the most experi- 
enced shorthand writers in the city of New York, was written 
to accomplish three leading objects : First, to simplify Phonog- 
raphy, and rid it, as far as possible, of those anomalies and 
troublesome exceptions to general rules that have heretofore 
marred the harmony of the system ; Second, to provide a better 
and more complete phonographic instruction-book than any of 
its predecessors ; and Third, to give minute and full directions 
in the modes and forms of the various kinds of reporting, par- 
ticularly of law proceedings ; so that the phonographer who 
has mastered the art, will be able to immediately apply his 
knowledge satisfactorily as a practical reporter. 
OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. 

" This is the latest, and in most respects by far the best book on Phonog- 
raphy that has yet been published. The book adheres closely, throughout, 
to general principles, avoiding all exceptional expedients ; and in every part 
of it there are a clearness of arrangement and an exactness and conciseness 
of statement and illustration which peculiarly fit it for use as a text-book in 

schools and for a self-instructor."— iV; Y. Times. " This volume, for 

its clearness of statement and fullness of details, will doubtless take the pre- 
cedence of all previous manuals on the subject."— iV. Y. Tribnne. " Mr. 

Munson's work is not only a clear, intelligible, and complete exposition of 
Phonography, but it is also an attempt, and we think a successful one, to re- 
move many of the incongruities of the system as it has been written," — N. Y. 

World.- " Not only is this the best manual of Phonography with which 

we are acquainted, but there is no other book upon the same subject which 

will bear comparison with it." — N". Y. Citizen. "Mr. Munson has so 

simplified the system, that we believe it will not require over half or two- 
thirds the time now to learn it that has been heretofore necessary."— PAre- 
nologicalJmrnal. " Having traveled through the bewildering and tire- 
some system of Graham, we therefore can well appreciate the work before 
us." — Seventh Infantry Becord. 

Price, post-paid, $2 25. 

Address J. C. HANEY & CO., 

119 Nassau Street, New York. 



